Sugarcane is one of India's most important agricultural industries, with Uttar Pradesh producing more than 70% of the total. While most people don't think of sugar cane as a good crop to grow because of its negative reputation as a horrible meal, that isn't always the case. Sugarcane has been used as a fuel alternative in various countries, and its medicinal properties are well-known around the world; nevertheless, it can also be used for industrial and commercial purposes. Sugarcane, on the other hand, is a hardy plant that grows quickly, requires little maintenance, and thrives in poor soil. You might be perplexed as to how a single plant can bring so many advantages.

Sugarcane Processing and Byproducts:

Sugarcane is processed in a variety of ways depending on its intended use. It can be processed into raw or white sugar crystals for use in food and beverages, or it can be processed into molasses in various forms for use in other goods such as rum, beer, and animal feed. In addition to these uses, sugarcane can be dried and used as animal feed. Both processing methods have several steps, as one might expect from a product with so many uses. Sugarcane is a tropical grass found in India and Asia that thrives in hot, humid climates. Sugarcane is a high-yielding crop, yielding 165 pounds of refined sugar per acre on average.

The majority of commercial cane is used to create ethanol fuel or burned as a fuel source in tropical countries. Some farmers have begun producing cane varieties that produce bagasse, a fibrous residue left over after extracting juice from cane stalks that can be utilised as fuel or cattle feed. According to a Coca-Cola study, 90% of sugarcane is processed into sucrose, which is then used in a wide range of items from plastics and car tyres to soft drinks and pharmaceuticals. Only about 6% of processed cane jams, jellies, dairy products, soft drinks, and pickets are used to make sweeteners. Around 70% of that is refined beet or cane sugar, with the remaining 30% becoming fructose-rich high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Bagasse, which accounts for the remaining 25%, is a fibrous waste that is burned for energy at many refineries before being processed into refined sugar. Desugarized molasses can be used to make animal feed.

Applications:

Sugarcane products are employed in a range of industries, including food, chemical, and thermal power generation. Sugarcane Molasses, for example, has a wide range of applications in human and animal nutrition. The main end-users are distilleries, medicines, and fertilisers. In India, there are around 400 sugar factories with a total annual capacity of around 12 million tonnes. Growing demand for molasses in the animal feed industry, as well as the high molasses content of cane juice, which is used as a raw material by distilleries, are to blame for the rise in consumption. Sugar cane is an important source of revenue for the country's economy.

Juice from Sugarcane:

Sugarcane juice is high in fibre, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytochemicals. Because of its low glycemic index, it does not induce a spike in blood sugar levels. It is safe for diabetics to consume when consumed in moderation. It also aids in body cooling by balancing the body's heat. Sugarcane juice is often recommended by dieticians to people who are attempting to reduce weight.

Sugarcane juice is extracted by using a juice extractor equipment to squeeze sugarcane stalks. Sugarcane juice is high in fibre, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. It also has a low glycemic index, so diabetics can enjoy it. It's becoming more popular as a detox drink due to its high antioxidant content.

Sugarcane juice provides a slew of health benefits. In a 240 mL portion of sugarcane juice, there are 180 calories, 30 grammes of sugar, and a large amount of nutritious fibre. It heals kidney stones and urinary tract infections since it is diuretic. It is high in potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, thiamin, riboflavin, and several amino acids. Furthermore, the high fibre content of sugarcane juice aids weight loss while also improving digestion and relieving constipation. People all around the world are becoming increasingly aware of sugarcane juice's health benefits. Many people consume sugarcane juice on a daily basis to aid with weight loss. Additionally, doctors and dieticians advise people to drink sugarcane juice to strengthen their immune systems. As a result, rising awareness of sugarcane juice's nutritional benefits is propelling the market forward.

A sugarcane juice business requires a number of permits, authorizations, and registrations.

• The procedure for registering a business is as follows: Before you can run a sugarcane juice business in India, you must first register your company.
• GST registrationis straightforward. In India, every type of business requires a GST number.
• A business licence entails:You must also obtain a trade licence from the municipal authorities, according to state law.
• It is also necessary to obtain a pollution certificate from the local government certifying that the sugarcane juice business produces solely sugarcane waste.
• Registration as an MSME/SSI:The Indian government requires this registration in order to obtain a loan.
• Trademark:In order to register your business trademark, you must first register your business trade.
• Registration with the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI)is required because it is related to the food industry.

Applications for Sugarcane Byproducts:

Sugarcane provides food (sucrose, jaggery, and syrups), fibre (cellulose), fodder (green top, bagasse, and molasses), fuel, and chemicals (bagasse molasses and alcohol). The main by-products of sugar manufacture in the cane sugar industry are bagasse, molasses, and pressmud. Other low-value co-products and by-products include green leaves, green tips, garbage, boiler ash, and effluents from the sugar sector and distillery. Instead of relying primarily on sugar production, sugarcane has spawned a slew of new industries based on diversification and the use of sugar industry co-products and by-products. To maximise the value of the sugarcane harvest, efforts should be made to integrate the use of sugarcane, its co-products, and by-products in the production of a variety of value-added products. Sugarcane is currently farmed for a variety of purposes, including food (sugar), fibre (cellulose), fuel (bagasse), and fodder (fodder) (green tops, garbage, molasses, and other byproducts). The economic importance and consumption of several sugarcane by-products in India are summarised below:

Bagasse:

Bagasse is a cellulosic waste product that is used in agriculture and manufacturing. Bagasse can be used to make paper, cardboard, and other items as a raw material. It contains around 60% combustible material (cellulose), which can be utilised to generate electricity, fertiliser, and even biogas at home. Bagasse can be utilised as a biofertilizer and a biopesticide, among other things. It's especially effective against diseases and pests that spread through the soil. The best part about bagasse is that it has no detrimental influence on soil, unlike commercial fertilisers. Bagasse, on the other hand, thanks to its rich nutritional content, enhances soil fertility by increasing the soil's water retention capacity. As a result, it helps to boost crop yield and quality while posing no damage to the environment or human health. Bagasse tableware is also popular as an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic tableware. Bagasse tableware, also known as sugarcane fibre dinnerware, is made from sugarcane waste and is a better-for-the-environment alternative to polystyrene and Styrofoam tableware.

Sugarcane Bagasse and its derivatives have a variety of applications:

Bagasse is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to make juice. The amount of bagasse produced per 100 tonnes of crushed cane varies between 25 and 32 tonnes, with an average of 27-28 percent.

Fresh mill bagasse contains 48 to 50 percent water, 2.5 to 3.5 percent dissolved solids (Brix), and 46 to 48 percent fibre. Insoluble cellulosic components make up sugarcane fibre. Bagasse can be used for a variety of purposes, including the following:

Fuel: Bagasse is commonly used as a primary fuel source in sugar mills. When burned in sufficient numbers, it produces enough thermal energy to supply all of the needs of a typical sugar mill.

Bagasse Cogeneration for Bio-Electricity: Bagasse can be utilised to generate energy using high-pressure boilers and a special type of steam turbine. Around 450 kWh of power may be generated from a metric tonne of bagasse.

In India, there are now 147 sugar mills with co-generation installations totaling 3,067 MW. After meeting their captive power requirements in these mills, they are delivering up to 1,900 MW of surplus electric power to the National Grid.

In the future years, sugar mills in India are expected to have the capacity to generate up to 7,000 MW of electricity and contribute around 3,000 MW of surplus electricity to the National Grid.

Paper from Bagasse: Bagasse is widely utilised as a wood replacement in the manufacture of pulp, paper, and board in many tropical and subtropical countries, including India, China, Colombia, Iran, Thailand, and Argentina. There are already numerous bagasse-based facilities producing kraft paper, white writing and printing materials, newspaper, and other forms of paper.

Bagasse pulp is used in the manufacture of bags, corrugated packaging, writing paper, and toilet paper. Tamil Nadu Newsprints Limited (TNPL) is an Indian company that creates high-quality newsprint from bagasse.

Under the same conditions, one hectare of sugarcane can produce approximately five tonnes of pulp and paper fibre per year, which is twice as much as one hectare of wood. Sugarcane's regeneration time is fifteen times shorter than sugarcane's.Paper made from sugarcane bagasse has various advantages over traditional paper made from tree pulp, the most important of which is that it does not need the felling of trees. It is less priced as well as renewable. Napkins, tissue paper, disposable food containers, plates, bowls, trays, and other paper items are all made from sugar waste paper.

Agglomerated Products vs. Boards: In the board-making industry, forest woods are often used. Because tree cutting diminishes forest cover, causing problems with climate change, board manufacturers need an alternative to forest wood. Bagasse is the best raw material for this, and it may be used in a variety of ways.

Bagasse-based composites have the potential to take the place of high-density, high-cost wood fiberboard as the core material for laminated floors. In recent years, India has achieved tremendous progress in the use of bagasse for the production of agglomerated products, as seen below:

• Panel or Insulating Board: To make a panel or insulating board, bagasse is processed with hot water or steam under pressure in a rotary digester. The pulp is then washed and fed into board machines, where it is turned into a continuous wet mat. After that, it's rolled to remove as much moisture as possible before being cut into sheets and dried. The end product is not wrappable and has a poor paint adhesion.It is a good heat insulator and can be chemically treated to make it bug and fire resistant. It's used as a separating material for the ceiling and walls.

• Particle Board: Made by joining bagasse fibre with a resin in a dry process, particle board is significantly denser and harder than insulating board. It may be made water resistant and used to build cabinets, cupboards, racks, almirahs, partition boards, and table tops, among other things. In India, there are 12 particle board companies that use bagasse from nearby sugar mills as a fibrous raw material.

• Bagasse-Cement Board: These types of boards are becoming more extensively utilised as construction materials due to their better physical properties, such as resistance to fire, fungi, insects, and weather extremes. These boards are made from lignocellulosic fibres mixed with Portland cement, calcinated magnesite, or gypsum.

Bagasse can be fermented to create sludge or biogas (a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane) through inoculation or the addition of agricultural manure. The gas produced is 6065 percent methane, 3035 percent carbon dioxide, and tiny amounts of hydrogen (calorific value 5,500 kcal/m3). Bagasse can also be used as a fuel source in gas-generating plants. The bagasse-producing gas has a calorific value of 1,200 kcal/kg and is composed of 60% nitrogen, 17% carbon mono-oxide, and 6% hydrogen.

• Furfural is a colourless or yellow oily liquid with an almond-like odour in its pure state, but when exposed to air, it quickly becomes yellow, then brown, and finally black, earning it the term furfuraldehyde. It is an important organic substance generated from agroindustrial wastes and residues containing the carbohydrate pentosans. All furfural synthesis is based on pentosan-containing wastes gathered from the processing of various agricultural (from bagasse) and forest products due to the lack of commercial synthetic methods. It has a tiny market in highly developed countries, especially for the manufacture of nylon and butadiene. The most important industrial intermediate derived from furfural is furfuryl alcohol. Certain new cane lignin-based drugs have been developed in Cuba, and India has the potential to research this industry.

Use as Animal Feed: However, raw bagasse's low digestibility, high lignin (20%), and very low nitrogen concentration prevent it from being used as animal feed. It is feasible, however, to improve its palatability and digestibility, as well as supplement it with more energy, protein, and mineral content, making it a more economical alternative feed for small farmers and landless labourers. Bagasse is converted into calf feed by fermenting it with molasses and enzymes (such as bromelain). It is sold in Thailand, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, Taiwan, the Middle East, and Australia, among other places.

Ethanol production: Bagasse, a cellulose residue of the sugarcane crop, might be used in a simultaneous saccharification-cum-fermentation (SSF) process using enzymatic or acid hydrolysis technology to produce ethanol. To save money on the process, a microbial consortium is being created, which might yield roughly 200 l of ethanol every tonne of bagasse processed.

Molasses made from Sugarcane:

Molasses is a sweetening syrup with a thick consistency. It is a byproduct of the sugar-making process and is made from crushed sugar cane or sugar beets. Only a little amount of research has been done on the health effects of molasses. Molasses is one of those unusual items that you could overlook—after all, isn't dark syrup the same thing? Molasses, on the other hand, offers a diverse range of applications and uses. Molasses is made from sugar cane in two stages: After sugar cane juice has been cooked down, sugar is extracted. The evaporation process proceeds, yielding thick, black molasses. Aside from molasses, which is a byproduct of sugar cane manufacturing, there are a variety of additional components that are used for various reasons. After the juice is taken from the cane stalks, the dry stalk residue, known as bagasse, is used as fuel in the plant. Beet pulp is used in the production of pet foods. Cane wax, which is extracted from the dried residue, is used in cosmetics, polish, and paper coatings.

Sugarcane Molasses and its Products are used in a variety of ways:

Molasses is a viscous final effluent formed when sugar crystallises repeatedly. It's the syrup that was left behind after no simple crystaline sucrose could be removed.

The Use of Molasses as a Fertilizer: Because it is typically a waste product, molasses is mostly used as an organic fertiliser. The benefits of molasses as a soil fertiliser, on the other hand, appear to be widely accepted. However, it is claimed that for every 48 metric tonnes of molasses spread in the field, the ground receives the following fertiliser. K2: 51.3 kg, N: 5.2 kg, P2O5: 2.5 kilogramme Molasses as Animal Feed: Molasses' importance as a livestock feed has been recognised since the creation of sugar.

The most important property of cane molasses as a feed is its high carbohydrate content, which comes predominantly in the form of sugar molasses. It also contains tiny amounts of protein, as well as very low calcium and phosphorus proportions, but a very high potassium proportion.

Cobalt, boron, iodine, copper, manganese, and zinc are among the B-complex vitamins and minerals found in it. Molasses is also a good feed for pigs and poultry. The first molasses-based animal feed was created at the National Sugar Institute in Kanpur, India (UP).

The product's name was Bagomolasses. Since then, Pohatas Industries in Dalmia Nagar, Bihar, and Ugar Sugar Works Limited in Ugarkhurd, Belgaum District, Karnataka, have improved their factories. In Karnataka and Maharashtra, many sugar companies followed suit.

Molasses as a Distilling Raw Material: Molasses is the most common raw material used in distillation. There are essentially two processes involved in the distillation industry. The first phase is fermentation. The second step is distillation.

Fermentation is a chemical reaction that happens in an organic substrate (substance) when biological catalysts are active. It's the outcome of a chemical reaction. Biochemical catalysts/enzymes are microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds, and bacteria. Fermentation was once understood to be the conversion of sugar to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Molasses is a fermentable sugar that can be used in a variety of ways. Vinegar and acetic acid are two important components of molasses.

Vinegar is a condiment created by fermenting sugar or starchy ingredients with alcohol and acetic acid to produce vinegar. Vinegar's main ingredient is acetic acid. cellulose acetate, which is used in clothing and home furnishings, anhydride vinyl acetate, acetamide, and others are all acetic acid derivatives.

Butanol acetone is another important fermentation product. This can be found in molasses. It's used in the production of explosives. Acetone is a highly flammable liquid. It is made by the fermentation of cane molasses.

Acetone is used as a plastisizer, dyeing agent, detergent, and cleaning agent in the electronics industry. Lactic acid is a clear, odourless liquid that can be blended with water, alcohol, or ether to make a syrup. Food, pharmaceuticals, and polymers are just a few of the industries that use lactic acid.

Citric acid is another important byproduct of molasses fermentation. It's used in 60 percent of the food and beverage business, as well as pharmaceutical (16%), chemical (15%), cosmetics and toiletries (3%) and other industries (6 percent).

Industries involved in distillation include: Distillation is a process that uses evaporation and re-condensation to separate liquids into fractions based on their boiling points or boiling ranges. The major consequence of distillation techniques is one or more forms of alcohol.

A. Rum: Rum is an alcoholic distillate manufactured from sugarcane juice or molasses fermentation, with an alcohol level ranging from 43.15 to 52.50 percent by volume.

For the mashing procedure, which involves diluting the molasses and adding ammonium sulphate, sulphuric acid, and, in rare situations, phosphorous, yeast is added to new molasses. Finally, the mash undergoes a simple distillation and condensation procedure. Rum is usually aged to improve its flavour, colour, and aroma, and then cured with herbs, sugar, and oils.

B. Ethyl Alcohol: Ethyl alcohol is produced similarly to rum. With a sugar concentration of 14 to 18 percent, molasses is first diluted with water, ammonium sulphate, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, and sodium chloride. Fermentation takes 30 to 72 hours, depending on other factors, and the mash is seeded with yeast culture at a rate of 5 to 8% by volume.

Beer or wine is an alcoholic beverage that has been fermented and contains 6 to 9 percent alcohol. A rectifying column refines the distilled fermented mash or beer, as well as the resulting alcohol. It's referred to as rectified spirit.

Industrial alcohol is used as a fuel, disinfectant, and cleaning agent, as well as a dye, medication, and soap solvent and in a range of other chemical processes. If denatured and blended with 70 to 80 percent petrol, absolute alcohol can be used as a fuel for internal combustion engines.

ODS is primarily used in hospitals, at home, and in the polishing process. Per tonne of sugarcane, 72-75 litres of ethanol are produced. A tonne of molasses produces around 220-250 litres of ethanol. Alcohol has derivatives and by-products of its own. The most prevalent by-products are listed below.

1. Carbon dioxide is a gas that may be used to manufacture carbonated beverages, put out fires, and keep food fresh. 160 kg of CO2 is created when 1000 kilogrammes of molasses are fermented.

2. Fuel oil: This is a mixture of higher alcohols, primarily Ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, Amyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, that is formed at high temperatures. Its primary application is as a liquor solvent.

3. Glycerol: This chemical is used in a variety of industries, including cosmetics, medicines, tobacco, food and beverages, and others.

By-Products of Molasses:

1. Dextran is a by-product of molasses that is used as a stabiliser in ice cream, sugar syrup, and other confectionery goods. It is capable of drilling oil wells.
2. Aconitic acid is a molasses by-product used in the chemical industry as a plastisizer, wetting agent, and flavouring ingredient.
3. Itaconic acid: Itaconic acid is a form of molasses fermentation used to produce thermoplastics and transparent materials.
4. Monosodium Glutamate: Another molasses by-product used as a flavour enhancer is monosodium glutamate.
5. Carbon Dioxide: When Saccharomyces cereviseae ferments molasses, carbon dioxide and alcohol are produced. CO2 is produced at a rate of 16% by weight of molasses, with 70-75% of it recoverable. Carbon dioxide is produced and used as a cooling agent and in the manufacture of carbonated beverages.

Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Molasses:

Sugarcane molasses is a byproduct of the sugar cane processing industry, and it can be used to make bioethanol. Using molasses waste as biomass for bioethanol production is one way to reduce the amount of molasses trash. Molasses can be used to make bioethanol, which has a significant economic value due to its high sugar content. SSF is a molasses-based bioethanol production technology that uses 10 percent (100 gr/L molasses) and 20 percent (200 gr/L molasses) substrates. This fermentation was chosen because commercial instant dry yeast may be used directly as a starter, simplifying the process and avoiding the risk of bacterial contamination. West Java's sugar industry is one of Indonesia's molasses-producing sugarcane processing industries. The molasses was then converted to bioethanol.

Pressmud or Filter Mud: Uses and Products:

During the production of sugar, sugarcane juice goes through a purifying process known as clarification. For this, carbonation or sulphitation methods are used. As a result of this process, a bulky precipitate is formed.

The juice is filtered using vaccum filters or the filling process, and the waste material is referred to as pressmud. It contains some sugar. Around 7 to 8% of the cane is crushed on a weight basis.

Fertilizers include the following:Pressmud is rich in calcium sulphite and calcium phosphate. There are also trace levels of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium. It contains 20 to 25 percent organic materials and roughly 45 percent lime on a dry basis. It's a great acidic soil fertiliser.

When combined with cane molasses and a topping, dried cakes can be used as animal feed.

Other uses include: It can be used to generate building lime, but this creates a problem with waste management. It can be used to make metal polishing powder, board chalk, and tooth powder.

During the harvesting of the sugarcane crop, the tops, leaves, and rubbish are removed, and the stems are cleansed of their leaves (trash). On average, cane tops and debris make up 25 to 35 percent of the cane weight on the field. Cane tops are a good source of fodder for cattle.

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