NIIR

Contents

  1. Characterization of Medical Waste

1.  INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 

2.  MEDICAL WASTE GENERATION 

Methodology 	

Summary of Preliminary Results 

3.  MEDICAL WASTE  DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES 

Transporter Notification 

Results 

Transporter Periodic Reports 

On-Site Incinerators 

  2. Medical Waste Treatment  Effectiveness

1. INCINERATION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Medical Waste Treatment Effectiveness   

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

2. STEAM STERILIZATION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

3.  GAS STERILIZATION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

4.  CHEMICAL DISINFECTION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

5.   THERMAL  INACTIVATION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

6.   IRRADIATION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

7.  MICROWAVE TREATMENT 

Factors Impacting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

8.   GRINDING  AND  SHREDDING 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

9.   COMPACTION 

Factors Affecting Effectiveness 

Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures 

Maintenance and Operator Training 

3. Medical Waste Handling Methods

1.   INTRODUCTION 

2.  CURRENT PRACTICES 

Handling and packaging practices  

For Off-Site Incineration 

Medical Waste Handling Materials    

For Landfill Disposal 

For On-site Treatment or Disposal 

For Sewer and Ocean Disposal 

3.   STANDARDS IMPLEMENTED BY THE RULE 

Segregation 

Packaging 

Labeling 

Marking 

Storage 

Transport 

4.   EVOLVING  HANDLING  AND  MANAGEMENT  TECHNIQUES	19

Handling 

Compaction 

5.   METHODS TO EVALUATE MEDICAL WASTE HANDLING 

4. Medical Waste Reuse, Recycling and Reduction 

1.  RECYCLING AND REUSE 

2. SOURCE REDUCTION 

3. GENERATION RATES 

4. AGENCY ACTION 

5. Infectious Waste Characterization

1.  DEFINITION OF INFECTIOUS WASTE 

2. TYPES OF INFECTIOUS WASTE 

1.  Isolation Wastes 

2.  Cultures and Stocks of Infectious Agents and Associated Biologicals

3.  Human Blood and Blood Products 

4.  Pathological Wastes 

5.  Contaminated Sharps 

6.  Contaminated Animal Carcasses, Body Parts, and Bedding 

3.  MISCELLANEOUS CON TAMINATED WASTES - (OPTIONAL CATEGORY) 

6. Infectious Waste Management

1. INTRODUCTION 

2.  SELECTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 

3.  INFECTIOUS WASTE  MANAGEMENT  PLAN 

1. Designation of Infectious Waste 

2. Segregation of Infectious Waste 

3. Packaging of Infectious Waste 

4.  Storage of Infectious Waste 

5. Transport of Infectious Waste (on- and off-site) 

6.  Treatment of Infectious Waste 

7. Disposal of Treated Wastes 

8. Contingency Planning 

9.  Staff Training 

7. Treatment of Infectious Waste

1.  INTRODUCTION 

1. Monitoring 

2. Steam Sterilization 

3.  Incineration 

4. Thermal inactivation 

5.  Gas/Vapour Sterilization 

6.  Chemical Disinfection 

7.  Sterilization by Irradiation 

8.  Other Treatment Methods 

8. Medical Waste 

1.   CYTOTOXIC CHEMICALS 

2.   HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS 

3.  PATHOGENS 

4.  TOXIC METALS 

5.  RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 

9. Hospital Incineration Systems

1.   INTRODUCTION 

2.   FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATION 

1. Chemical Reactions 

2. Stoichiometric Combustion Air 

3. Thermochemical Relations 

4. Volumetric Gas Flows 

5. The Combustion Process 

3.  HOSPITAL WASTE  CHARACTERISTICS 

4.   TYPES OF HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATOR SYSTEMS  

1. Introduction 

2.  Multiple-chamber incinerators 

1. Principle of Combustion and AirDistribution 

2. Mode of Operation 

3. Waste Feed Charging Systems 

4. Ash Removal Systems 

5. Use of Multiple-Chamber lncinerators for Incinerating Hospital Wastes 

3. Controlled-Air Incinerators 

1. Principle of Controlled Air Incineration 

2. Batch/Controlled-Air incinerators 

3. Intermittent-Duty, Controlled Air Incinerators 

4.  Continuous-Duty, Controlled Air incinerators  

4.  Rotary Kilns 

1. Principle of Operation 

 2. Mode of Operation 

3.  Charging System 

4.  Ash Removal 

5. Auxilliary Equipment 

1. Waste Meat Boilers 

2.  Auxiliary Waste Liquid Infection 

10. Bio-Medical Waste 

1.  INTRODUCTION 

1.   Linkage of Bio-medical Waste Management with Municipal Waste Management 

2.  ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SITUATION 

1. Waste Generation 

(i) Health Care Establishments 

(ii). Whole Town/City 

2.  Current Practices 

3.   Allocation of Responsibilities 

3.  BASIC ISSUES 

1.   Management Issues of Bio-medical Waste Management 

2.  Current Issues in Management of Health Care Waste 

4.   LEGAL  ASPECTS  AND  ENVIRONMENTAL  CONCERN 

1.  Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 

Scope and application of the Rules 

Environmental Concern 

5.   WASTE IDENTIFICATION AND WASTE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE HEALTH CARE ESTABLISHMENTS 

1.  Identification of Various Components of the Waste Generated 

2. An Exercise in Waste Control Programme 

6.  WASTE STORAGE 

1.  Recommended Labelling and Colour Coding 

2.  Segregated Storage in Separate Containers (at the Point of Generation) 

3. Certification 

4.   COMMON/INTERMEDIATE STORAGE AREA

5.  Parking Lot for Collection Vehicles 

7.   HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION 

1. Collection of Waste Inside the Hospital/Health Care Establishment 

2. Transportation of Segregated Waste Inside the Premises 

3. Collection and Transportation of Waste for Small Units 

4. Transportation of Waste Outside 

8.   WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL : THE RULES AND THE AVAILABLE OPTIONS 

 Transportation of Waste Outside 

1.  Incineration 

2.  Autoclave Treatment 

3.  Hydroclave Treatment 

4.  Microwave Treatment 

5.  Chemical Disinfection 

6.  Sanitary and Secured Landfilling 

7.  General Waste 

9.   COMMON TREATMENT/DISPOSAL FACILITY 

1.   Establishment of the Facility 

2.   Tie Up of Health Care Set Ups 

3.  Private Sector Participation 

10.   OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 

11.  OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES 

1.  Occupational Hazards 

2.  Safety Measures for the Medical and Para-medical Staff 

3.  Safety Measures for Cleaning and Transportation Staff 

12.  FINANCIAL ASPECTS 

13.  TRAINING AND MOTIVATION 

1.  Training Modules for Different Levels of Staff 

(i)   Medical and laboratory personnel: 

(ii)  Para-medical personnel: 

(iii) Sweepers, cleaning staff, guards etc.: 

(iv)  Administrative and management staff: 

2.  Incentives and Motivation 

3.  Awareness Generation 

14.   PLANNING ELEMENTS 

1.  Planning Inside the Health Care Establishment Premises 

2.  Planning Outside the Health Care Establishment 

3. Relation to Overall Town Planning 

4.  Examples 

15.   MANAGEMENT  ASPECTS 

1. Organisational Set Up 104

2.  Administration and Managerial Aspects 105

16.   ANIMAL WASTE 105

11. Air Pollution Control 

1.  INTRODUCTION 108

2.   POLLUTANT FORMATION AND GENERATION 108

3.   CONTROL STRATEGIES 109

1. Controlling Feed Material 

2. Combustion Control 111

3.  Add-On Air Pollution Control Systems 

1. Wet Scrubbers 

2. Fabric Filters 

3. Dry Scrubbers 

12. Waste Minimization Options

Description of Techniques 

Better Operating Practices 

Chemotherapy and Antineoplastic Wastes 

Formaldehyde Wastes 

Instal Reverse Osmosis (RO) Water Supply Equipment 

Determine Minimum Effective Cleaning Procedures 

Reuse/Recycle Waste Solutions 

Proper Waste Management 

Photographic Chemical Waste 

Store Materials Properly 

Recycle Spoiled Photographic Film and Paper 

Test Expired Material for Usefulness 

Extend Processing Bath Life 

Use Squeegees 

Use Countercurrent Washing 

Recover Silver and Recycle Spent Chemicals 

Radionuclides 

 Solvents 

Material Substitution 

Improved Laboratory Techniques 

Recycle Solvents 

Mercury 

Electronic Sensing Devices 

Proper Spill Clean Up 

Recycle/Reuse 

Waste Anesthetic Gases 

Toxics, Corrosives, and Miscellaneous Chemicals 

Ethylene Oxide 

Use of Recyclable Drums 

Proper Material Handling 

Material Substitution 

13. Vermiculturing

1.  INTRODUCTION 

2.  INTRODUCTION TO VERMICOMPOSTING 

Reduction of particle size 

Vermicomposting 

Different stages and methods 

3.  THE INORA PROCESS 

The biological means 

Selection of biological methods 

Bisanitization or accelerated aerobiosis 

The biogas plants 

The earthworm 

4.  ASSESSMENT 

Environmental assessment 

Water 

Gases 

Pollutants 

Aesthetics  

Financial assessment 

5.  QUALITY AND STABILITY FACTORS IN COMPOSTING 

Introduction 

Appropriate standards 

Raw versus composted waste 

Identification 

5.  CONCLUSION 

14. Municipal waste water treatment and energy recovery

1.  INTRODUCTION 

2.  THE GANGA ACTION PLAN 

3.  INDO-DUTCH ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT 

INTEGRATED APPROACH 

UASB SYSTEM -A CLEAN TECHNOLOGY 

Advantages of UASB over traditional aerobic processes 

Technical aspects 

Energy recovery from municipal sewage 

Technology options for municipal waste water treatment 

Case-studies 

5 mld UASB treatment plant at Kanpur 

Energy savings and biogas generation 

Conclusions 

Recommendations 

 14 mld UASB treatment plant at Mirzapur 

Energy recovery 

Financial aspects 

15. Principles of Municipal Solid Waste Management

1.  INTRODUCTION 

Solid Waste Generation 

Environmental Impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Land 

Objective of Solid Waste Management 

2.  PRINCIPLES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 

Waste Reduction 

Effective Management of Solid Waste 

Functional Elements of Municipal Solid Waste Management 

3.  HIERARCHY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 

4.  WASTE MINIMISATION 

5.   RESOURCE RECOVERY THROUGH MATERIAL RECYCLING

Sorting at Source  

Centralised Sorting 

Sorting Prior to Waste Processing or Landfilling 

6.  RESOURCE RECOVERY THROUGH WASTE PROCESSING  

Biological Processes 

Thermal Processes  

Other Processes 

7. WASTE TRNSFORMATION (WITHOUT RESOURCE RECOVERY) PRIOR TO DI POSAL

Mechanical Transformation

Thermal Transformation 

Other Methods

8. DISPOSAL ON LAND 

9. COMPONENTS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

10. LINKAGES BETWEEN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTES GENERATED IN  AN URBAN CENTRE 

11.  MATERIALS  FLOW CHART  FOR  MUNICIPAL  SOLID WASTE     MANAGEMENT  SYSTEM (1000 t.p.d. WASTE  GENERATION 

16. Composition and Quantity of Solid Waste

1.   INTRODUCTION 

Terminology and Classification 

Variations in Composition and Characteristics 

2.   DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES 

Definitions 

(i)  Domestic/Residential Waste: 

(ii)  Municipal Waste: 

(iii)  Commercial Waste: 

(iv)  Institutional Waste: 

(v)  Garbage: 

(vi)  Rubbish: 

(vii)  Ashes: 

(viii)  Bulky Wastes: 

(ix) Street Sweeping: 

(x)  Dead Animals: 

(xi)  Construction and Demolition Wastes: 

(xii)   Industrial Wastes:  

(xiii)  Hazardous Wastes: 

(xiv)  Sewage Wastes: 

Classification 

3.  COMPOSITION, CHARACTERISTICS AND QUANTITIES  

Need for Analysis 

Field Investigations 

Number of Samples to be Collected 

Collection of Samples of Solid Waste 

Composition and Characteristics 

Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Urban Centres 

Per Capita Quantity of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Urban Centres 

Estimation of Future Per Capita Waste Quantity 

Relation between Gross National Product (GNP) and Municipal  Solid Waste Generation 

Rate of Increase liased on Experience in Other Cities 

Seasonal Variations 

Physical Characteristics  

Density 

Bulk Density Measurement  

1. Material and apparutus: 

2. Moisture Content 

3.  Size of Waste Constituents 

4.  Calorific Value 

Chemical Characteristics 

Classification 

(i)      Lipids: 

(ii)     Carbohydrates: 

(iii)    Proteins: 

(iv)    Natural Fibres: 

(v)     Synthetic Organic Materials (Plastic): 

(vi)    Non-combustibles: 

 4. CONCLUSION 

17. Slaughter House Waste and Dead Animals

1.  INTRODUCTION 

2.  MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM 

3.  CLASSIFICATION 

4.  OPERATIONS DURING SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS 

Present Scenario  

Slaughtering 

Bleeding 

Dressing 

Evisceration 

5.   MEASURES   PROPOSED TO IMPROVE  THE   SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE  MANAGEMENT 

Liquid Waste/Effluent 

Collection of Blood 

Improved Method of Dressing 

Evisceration 

Safe Disposal of Waste Products 

Odours Control 

Modernisation of Slaughter House   

Curbing Activities of Illegal Slaughtering of Animals 

Provision of Dry Rendering Plants 

6.  CONCLUSION 

18. Industrial Solid Waste

1.   INTRODUCTION 

2.  THE PROBLEMS 

3.   INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE 

4.   DESCRIPTION OF IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE 

Coal Ash 

Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag 

Phosphogypsum 

Red Mud 

Lime Mud 

Waste Sludge and Residues 

Potential Reuse of Solid Wastes 

5.   WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH 

Prevention-A Waste Minimisation Approach 

Inventory Management and Improved Operations 

Waste Management at Source 

6.   AREA OF APPLICATION OF SOME IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL WASTES 

7.   CURRENT  PRACTICE  OF  INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  

Collection and Transport of Wastes 

Storage & Transportation 

Disposal of Industrial Solid Waste 

8.  HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF POOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL 

9.   COLLECTION,  STORAGE  TREATMENT & DISPOSAL     OF WASTES 

Waste Segregation 

Collection, Storage and Transport 

Combined Treatment Facilities 

Disposal   Methods 

Landfills? 

(i) Definitions 

Why landfills? 

Design: 

10.  CASE STUDIES 

Construction: 

Closure & Post Closure: 

 Incineration 

Manifest System 

Post Treatment 

Back-transport 

Monitoring 

Record Keeping 

11. LEGISLATION FOR MAN AGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE     AND CATEGORISATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 

11.  HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS 

12.  INDUSTRIAL LOCATION 

13. MANAGEMENT  OF  INDUSTRIAL  SOLID   WASTES CO­ORDINATION (SPCBs & LOCAL BODIES) 

19. Emerging Processing Technologies

1.  INTRODUCTION 

2.  VERMICOMPOSTING 

3.  BIOGAS FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES 

4.  CONVERSION OF SOLID WASTES TO PROTEIN 

5.  ALCOHOL FERMENTATION 259

6.  PYROLYSIS 

Plasma Arc Technology/Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification (PPV) 

7.   REFUSE  DERIVED FUEL 

8.  HYDROPULPING 

9.  SLURRY CARB PROCESS 

10. TREATMENT FOR RECOVERY OF USEFUL PRODUCTS 

11.   SUMMARY 

20. Wastewater and Its Collection 

1.  ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO POLLUTION CONTROL 

Food Chains and Webs 

Accumulation of Substances in Food Chains and Webs 

Accumulation of Pollutants in Waterbodies 

Species Diversity and Ecosystem Stability 

Nature of Pollutants 

Effects of Pollutants 

Control of Pollutants 

2.  WASTE WATER CHARACTERISTICS 

Municipal Wastewater 

Industrial Wastewater 

Fluctuations In Flow and Composition 

3.  TYPES OF WASTES AND APPLICABLE RULES 

4.  PLANNING FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION  

Introduction 

Data Requirements and Surveys 

On-Site and Off-Site Disposal Systems 

Sewer Discharge Standards 

Proportion of Industrial and Domestic Wastes 

Potential Health Benefits 

New Approaches in Sewerage System Design  

21. Principles of Reactor Design 

1.  REACTION ORDER  

2.  FLOW PATTERNS OF REACTORS 

Batch Reactors 

Ideal Plug Flow 

Ideal Completely Mixed Flow 

3.  ESTIMATION OF DISPERSION NUMBER, D/UL 

Use of Tracer Tests 

Use of Empirical Equations 

 Cells in Series Parallel Arrangements 

4.  EFFECT OF SHOCK LOADS 

5.  ESTIMATION OF WASTEWATER TEMPERATURE IN LARGE REACTORS 

6.   FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF REACTORS 

Nature of the Waste 

Process Optimization 

Other Factors 

22. Principles of Biological Treatment

1.  MICROBIAL GROWTH RATES 

2.  TREATMENT KINETICS 

3.   HANDLING OF SOLIDS 

4.  SLUDGE AGE AND HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME 

5.  FOOD/MICROORGANISMS RATIO 

6.  BUILD UP OF SOLIDS IN SYSTEM 

7.   SUBSTRATE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY 

8.   TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 

9.   ESTIMATION  OF  FINAL EFFLUENT BOD 

10.  OXYGEN  REQUIREMENTS 

For Facultative and Flow-through Units 

For Flow-through Systems with Recycling 

11.  NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 

12.  PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL 

13.  NITROGEN REMOVAL 

 14.  CHOICE OF SLUDGE AGE 

23. Mechanically Aerated Lagoons

1.   TYPES OF AERATED LAGOONS 

Facultative Aerated Lagoons 

Aerobic Flow-through Lagoons 

Aerobic Lagoons with Recycling of Solids 

2.   DESIGN OF FACULTATIVE AERATED LAGOONS 

Substrate Removal Rate 

Lagoon Mixing Conditions and Efficiency 

Lagoon Depth 

Solids in Suspension and Power Level 

Oxygenation and Power Level 

Anaerobic Activity In Facultative Lagoons 

Performance 

Sludge Accumulation 

3.   DESIGN OF AEROBIC FLOW-THROUGH TYPE LAGOONS 

Substrate Removal and Solids Concentration 

Detention Time 

Solids Concentration 

Final Effluent BOD 

Oxygen Requirements 

Aeration Power and Power Level 

4.  DESIGN OF DUAL-POWERED AERATED LAGOONS  

Design Basis 

Retention Time 

Performance Power Requirement    

Sludge Accumulation 

5.  DESIGN  OF  AEROBIC  LAGOONS  WITH  RECYCLING  OF  SOLIDS  (EXTENDED AERATION  LAGOONS) 

6.  CHOICE OF COMBINATIONS AND LAYOUTS OF UASBs,  AERATED LAGOONS AND ALGAL PONDS 

7.  OPTIMIZATION TRIALS 

8.  CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 

24. Power Generation Based on Distillery Spentwash

INTRODUCTION 

THE BIOPAQ TECHNOLOGY 

Pre-acidification/buffer tank 

Sludge disposal 

Biogas handling 

CASE-STUDY 

NEW DEVELOPMENT 

Power generation scheme 

CONCLUSION 

25. Production, Use, and Disposal of Plastics and Plastic Products

1. SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS 

2.  TECHNOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 

Manufacturing Resins 

Incorporating Additives 

3.  PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION STATISTICS 

Historical Overview 

Domestic Production of Plastics 

Import/Export and Domestic Consumption 

Economic Profile of the Plastics Industry 

Sector Charscteristics 

Market Conditions and Prices for Commodity Resins 

Charactertics of Major Resin Types 

Characteristics of Major Additive Types 

 4.  MAJOR END USE MARKETS FOR PLASTICS 

Packaging 

Building and Construction 

Consumer and Institutional Products 

Electrical and Electronics 

Furniture and Furnishings 

Transportation 

Adhesives, Inks, and Coatings 

5. DISPOSITION OF PLASTICS INTO THE SOLID WASTE STREAM

Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste 

Plastics in Building and Construction Wastes 

Plastics in Automobile Salvage Residue 

Plastics in Litter 

5 Plastics in Marine Debris.

26. Impacts of Post-consumer Plastics Waste on the Management of Municipal Solid  waste

SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS 

Landfilling 

Management Issues 

Incineration 

Management Issues 

Environmental Releases 

Litter 

LANDFILLING 

Management Issues 

Landfill Capacity 

Landfill Integrity 

Other Management Issues 

Environmental Releases 

Leaching of Plastic Polymers 

Leaching of Plastics Additives 

   INCINERATION 

 Introduction 

Number, Capacity, and Types of Incinerators 

Combustion Properties of Plastics 

Plastics Combustion and Pollution Control 

  Incinerator Management Issues 

Excessive Flame Temperature 

Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICs) 

Formation of Slag 

Formation of Corrosive Gases 

3 Environment Release 

Emissions from MSW Incinerators 

Plastics Contribution to Incinerator Ash 

 LITTER   

Background 

Analysis of Relative impacts of Plastic and other Litter 

27.  The Potential for Divertable Plastic Waste

1. SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT 

1 Scenario 1 

2 Scenario 2 

3 Scenario 3 

4 Scenario 4 

5 Scenario 5 

2. ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF DPW 

1. Scenario 1 

2.Scenario 2 

3. Scenario 3 

4. Scenario 4 

5. Scenario 5 

3. SUMMARY 

28.  Objectives and Action Items

 OBJECTIVES FOR IMPROVING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 

Source Reduction 

ACTION ITEMS: 

ACTION ITEMS: 

  OBJECTIVE 1: EVALUATE POTENTIAL FOR MINIMIZING  PACKAGING 

ACTION ITEMS: 

OBJECTIVE 2: EDUCATION    AND    OUTREACH    ON SOURCE REDUCTION 

ACTION ITEMS: 

RECYCLING 

ACTION ITEMS: 

Improving Recyclability of the Waste Stream 

Collection/Separation 

Processing 

Marketing  

Public Education 

Landfilling and Incineration 

OBJECTIVE 1: FURTHER EVALUATE ADDITIVES 

ACTION ITEM: 

OBJECTIVE 2: MONITOR PVC USE 

ACTION ITEMS: 

OBJECTIVE 3: IMPROVE DISPOSAL OPTIONS 

ACTION ITEMS: 

OBJECTIVES FOR HANDLING PROBLEMS OUTSIDE THE MSW  MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

Wastewater Treatment Systems/Combined Sewer overflows/Stormwater 	Drainage Systems 

Wastewater Treatment Systems 

ACTION ITEM: 

Combined Sewer Overflows 

ACTION ITEMS: 

Storm water Discharges 

ACTION ITEMS: 

Other Sources of Marine Debris 

Vessels 

OBJECTIVE 1: IMPLEMENT ANNEX V OF MARPOL 

ACTION ITEMS: 

OBJECTIVE 2: REDUCE IMPACT OF FISHING GEAR 

ACTION ITEM: 

Plastic Manufacturers, Processors, and Transporters 

ACTION ITEMS: 

Garbage Barges 

ACTION ITEM: 

Land- and Sea-Originated Litter 

OBJECTIVE 1: SUPPORT    LITTER    RETRIEVAL    AND CHARACTERIZATION 

ACTION ITEMS: 

OBJECTIVE 2: SUPPORT LITTER PREVENTION 

ACTION ITEMS: 

Degradable Plastics 

ACTION ITEMS: 

29.  Recent Legislative and Regulatory Actions

LOCAL  AND STATE ACTIONS 

FEDERAL  ACTIONS 

IMPLICATIONS FOR PLASTICS RECYCLING 

Sample Chapters