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Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. History of Biogas Technology 1.2. What is a Bio Digester? 1.3. The Advantages of Biogas Technology 1.3.1. Biogas as an Energy Source 1.3.1.1. Cooking 1.3.1.2. Lighting 1.3.1.3. Refrigeration 1.3.1.4. Biogas Fuelled Engines 1.3.1.5. Electricity Generation 1.3.2. Benefits to the Environment 1.3.3. Economic Benefits 1.3.4. Benefits of Biogas to Agriculture 1.3.5. Biogas and Forests 1.3.6. Benefits of Biogas to Women 1.4. Biogas Production Process 1.4.1. Components of a Biogas System 1.4.2. Inputs for Biogas Production 1.4.3. The Anaerobic Digestion Process 1.4.3.1. Stages of Biogas Production 1.4.4. Factors that Facilitate or Hinder Anaerobic Digestion 1.4.4.1. Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio 1.4.4.2. Dilution and Consistency of Inputs 1.4.4.3. Volatile Solids 1.4.4.4. Temperature 1.4.4.5. Loading Rate 1.4.4.6. pH value 1.4.4.7. Retention Time 1.4.4.8. Toxicity 1.4.5. Biogas Slurry 1.5. Design of a Biogas Plant 1.5.1. Types of Bio Digester Designs 1.5.1.1. Floating Drum Digester 1.5.1.2. The Fixed Dome Digester or Chinese Model Digester 1.5.1.3. The Plastic Bag Digester 1.5.2. Factors to Consider When Selecting a Bio Digester 1.5.2.1. Investment 1.5.2.2. Utilization of Local Materials 1.5.2.3. Durability 1.5.2.4. Type of Inputs 1.5.2.5. Soil Condition and Water Table 1.5.2.6. Gas Consumption Pattern of the Household 1.5.3. Biogas Plant Size Analysis 1.5.3.1. Size of the Digester 1.5.3.2. Determining Daily Gas Production (G) 1.5.3.3. Biogas Plant Parameters 1.5.3.4. Sizing the Gas Holder 1.5.3.5. Average Daily Feedstock 1.6. Understanding the Functioning of a Biogas Plant 1.6.1. What is a Biogas Plant Used For? 1.7. Compressed Biogas (CBG) 1.8. Benefits of Compressed Biogas 1.9. Challenges 2. HOW TO START BIOGAS BUSINESS 3. BIOGAS PLANTS : A BOON FOR RURAL FAMILY 3.1. Composition of Biogas and Slurry 3.1.1. Composition of Biogas 3.1.2. Composition of Slurry 3.2. Raw Materials for Biogas Generation 3.3. Types of Biogas Plants 3.3.1. KVIC Floating Drum Type 3.3.2. Janata Biogas Plant 3.3.3. Deenbandhu Biogas Plant 3.3.4. Shramik Bandhu Biogas Plant 3.4. Selection of Size of Biogas Plants 3.5. Selection of Type of Biogas Plant 3.5.1. Factors to be Considered 3.6. Utilization of Biogas and Slurry 3.6.1. Wet Slurry 3.6.2. Dried Slurry 3.6.3. Other Uses of Slurry 3.6.4. Limitations 4. ENGINEERING DESIGN OF BIOGAS UNITS (FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES) 4.1. Design Concepts Used for Floating Cover Indian Style Digesters 4.2. Design Concepts Used for a Chinese Digester 4.3. Design Concepts Used for a Bag Digester 4.4. Items to Consider in Examining a System 4.5. Operational Factors 4.5.1. Composition of the Organic Feed-Stock 4.5.2. Retention Time 4.5.3. Concentration of the Feedstocks 4.5.4. Organic Loading Rate 4.5.5. Degree of Mixing 4.5.6. Heating and Heat Balance 4.6. Location of a Digester System 4.7. Slurry Effluents 4.8. Construction Materials 4.9. Sizing of the Digester 4.10. Size Based on Health Criteria 4.11. Size Based on Production of Soil Conditioner 4.12. Size Based on Energy 4.13. Design Example 4.14. Construction Costs 4.15. Conclusions 5. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF SMALL-SCALE BIOGAS PLANT 5.1. Structural Demands 5.1.1. Relation Between the Length and Height of the Bearing Structure 5.1.2. Size of the Digester 5.1.3. Size of Gasholder 5.1.4. Gasholder-Digester Ratio 5.2. Engineering for Extension Programs 5.3. Concluding Remarks 6. PLUG-FLOW DESIGN FOR THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTE 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Methodology 6.2.1. Description of the Plant 6.2.2. Mixing and Feeding Tank 6.2.3. Anaerobic Digester 6.2.4. Bio-gas Piping and Storage 6.2.5. Digester Heating Station 6.3. Capital Costs 6.4. Results and Discussion 7. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND STRESS CONDITIONS OF FIXED DOME TYPE OF BIOGAS UNITS 7.1. Base of Fermentation Tank 7.2. Wall of Fermentation Tank 7.3. Dome of Gasholder 7.4. Construction Technique 7.5. Analytical Considerations 7.6. Structural Testing of Biogas Unit 7.7. Concluding Remarks 8. FERROCEMENT GASHOLDER (FOR TWO 60 M3 DIESTER) 8.1. Procedures for Construction of a 20 m3 Gasholder 8.2. Conclusions 9. SIMPLIFIED ANAEROBIC DIGESTER (FOR ANIMAL WASTE) 9.1. Batch Digester Plant 9.2. Plug flow Digester Plant 9.3. Covered Lagoon Biogas system 9.4. Continuous Expansion Digester 9.5. Tests on a Small Electric Generator Set Fuelled by Biogas 9.6. An Economic Evaluation of the Plants 9.7. Conclusions 10. COLD CONDITION BIOGAS 10.1. Methodology 10.2. Results and Discussion 11. MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL POWER FROM BIOGAS 11.1. Engines Modifications for Biogas Use 11.2. Performance of Biogas-Fueled Engines 11.3. Main Factors Limiting Use of Biogas-Fueled Engines and Prospective Solutions 11.4. Conclusion 12. METHANE PRODUCTION (FROM FARM WASTES) 12.1. History of Application of Farm Digesters 12.1.1. Post World War II Developments 12.1.2. Post–1970 Developments 12.1.3. American Farm Digesters 12.2. Technical Problem 12.3. Economic Feasibility of Farm Waste Digestion 12.4. Barriers to Application of Anaerobic Digestion to Farm Wastes 12.5. Technical Approaches to System Improvement 12.6. Research Needs 13. BIOCONVERSION OF SOLID AND LIQUID RESIDUES 13.1. Technological Aspects 13.1.1. Advantages of Phased Separation 13.1.2. Fixed Film and Suspended Growth Reactors 13.1.3 Choice of Process and Reactor Type 13.2. Micro-Organisms 13.3. Bio-Chemical Study of the Process 13.3.1. Bacterial Control of the Digestor through Co-Factor Analysis 14. NOVEL PROCESS FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY BIODIGESTION OF PARTICULATE FEEDS 14.1. Limitations of Conventional Anaerobic Digestion 14.2. Novel Process Concepts 14.3. Phase Separation 14.4. High-SRT Digesters 14.5. Two Phase Digestion of Semi-Solid Feeds 14.5.1. Study with CSTR Digesters 14.5.2. Studies with Upflow Digesters 14.5.3. Dominant Reactions in the First and Second-Stage Digesters 14.5.4. Advantages of the Two-Phase Fermentation Mode and the Upflow Digester 14.5.5. Energetic and Economic Advantages of Two-Phase Digestion 14.6. Two-Phase Digestion of Solid Feeds 14.7. Summary and Conclusions 15. BIOGAS FROM ORGANIC WASTE (DILUTED WITH SEAWATER) 15.1. Materials and Methods 15.1.1. The Organic Waste 15.1.2. The Synthetic Seawater 15.1.3. The Inoculum 15.1.4. The Digestion Apparatus 15.1.5. Experimental Procedure 15.1.6. Analytical Procedures 15.1.7. Methane Content 15.2. Results and Discussion 15.3. Conclusion 16. FUEL GAS PRODUCTION FROM ORGANIC WASTES (BY LOW CAPITAL COST BATCH DIGESTION) 16.1. Background on "Controlled" Landfilling 16.2. Process Description 16.3. Conventional Landfill Gas Recovery 16.4. Application of Enhancement to Agricultural Residues 16.5. Status of Landfills as Fuel Gas Sources in the United States 17. THE TOXICITY EFFECT OF PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES ON THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS 17.1. Materials and Methods 17.2. Results and Discussion 17.2.1. Effect of Lindane and DDT on Anaerobic Digestion of Mixtures of Cotton Stalks and Cow-Dung 17.2.2. Effect of Gesapax and Gesaprime on the Anaerobic Digestion of Mixture of Water Hyacinth and Fresh Cow-dung 17.2.3. Effect of Gesapax and Gesaprime on Anaerobic Digestion of A Mixture of Weeds and Fresh Cow-dung 17.3. Conclusion 18. BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM ORGANIC WASTES 18.1. Materials and Methods 18.1.1. Organic Wastes 18.1.2. Geranium Flour 18.1.3. Akalona 18.1.4. Watermelon Residues Citrullus Vulgaris 18.1.5. Starter 18.1.6. Digestion Apparatus 18.1.7. Analytical Procedures 18.2. Experimental 18.3. Results and Discussion 18.3.1. Biogas Production from Geranium Flour (GF) 18.3.2. Biogas Production from Akalona (AK) 18.3.3. Biogas Production from Watermelon Residue (WR) 19. CELLULYTIC ACTIVITIES IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS 19.1. Experimental 19.1.1. The Use of the Screw-Capped Tubes 19.1.2. The Crimped-Capped-Serum Tubes 19.2. Results and Discussion 19.3. Discussion 20. BIOGAS PRODUCTION (FROM ANTIBIOTIC- CONTAMINATED COW MANURE) 20.1. Materials and Methods 20.2. Experimental Procedure 20.3. Results 20.4. Discussion 21. BIOGAS FROM LIQUID AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES (DERIVED FROM BANANA AND COFFEE PROCESSING) 21.1. Results 22. METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARBON-DIOXIDE IN BIOGAS 22.1. Background 22.2. Theory 22.3. Material 22.4. Procedure 22.5. Estimation of Methane content 22.6. Validation 23. ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED SLURRY (AS A FERTILIZER AND SOIL CONDITIONER) 23.1. Fertilization Effect of Effluents on Field-Grown Wheat in Clay Soil 23.2. Microbiological and Chemical Analysis 23.3. Result 23.3.1. Composition of Effluents from Biogas Plants 23.4. Introduction 23.5. Methodology 23.5.1. Effluents Sources 23.5.2. Detection of Phytotoxicity 23.5.3. Methods of Handling Effluents 23.5.4. Fertilization Effect of Effluents on Corn (Pot Experiment) 23.5.5. Fertilization Effect of Effluents on Wheat (Pot Experiments) 23.5.6. Effect of Continuous Feeding on Effluent Composition 23.5.7. Phytotoxic Effect of Digester Effluent 23.5.8. Changes in Fertilizer Value of Digester Effluents During Handling and Storage 23.5.9. Effluents as Soil Conditioner 23.5.10. Fertilizer Value of the Digester Effluents 23.5.11. Effect on Nurtient Uptake 25.6. Discussion 24. BIOGAS MANURE AS A COMPLETE FERTILIZER 24.1. Composition of Biogas Manure and Treatments 24.2. Aim and Scope of Work 24.3. Results and Discussion 24.3.1. Short-Term Effect of Biogas Manure 24.3.2. The Residual Effect of Biogas Manure 24.3.3. Residual Effect of Biogas Manure on Wheat 24.3.4. Residual Effect of Biogas Manure on Broad Bean 25. BIOGAS COMPRESSION AND STORAGE SYSTEM (FOR COOKING APPLICATIONS IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS) 25.1. Biogas Production and Purification 25.1.1. Biogas Production from Kitchen 25.1.2. Purification of Biogas by Scrubbing. 25.1.2.1. CO2 Separation Unit 25.1.2.2. Moisture Separation Unit 25.1.2.3. H2S Separation Unit 25.2. Design of Compression and Storage System 25.2.1. Need of Compression and Storage of Biogas 25.2.2 Compression Mechanism 25.2.3 Foot Compressor 25.2.4 Working Principle 25.2.5 Design of Components 25.2.5.1. Cylinder 25.2.5.2. Piston 25.2.5.3. Piston Rod 25.2.5.4. Cylinder Cover Plates 25.2.5.5. Non Return Valve 25.2.5.6. Quick Exhaust Valve 25.2.5.7. Connectors 25.2.5.8. Hoses 25.2.5.9. Storage Tank 25.2.5.10. Safety Valve 25.2.5.11. Pressure Gauge 25.3. Compressed and Stored Biogas Applications 25.4. Conclusion 26. BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE 26.1. Materials and Methods 26.1.1. Biogas Production 26.1.2. Analysis of Digestate 26.2. Results and Discussion 26.2.1. Biogas Production 26.2.2. Analysis of Digestate 26.3. Conclusions 27. BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM WATER HYACINTH, POULTRY WASTE AND COW MANURE 27.1. Model Biogas Plant 27.2. Design of the Digester 27.3. Experimental Procedure 27.4. Results and Discussion 27.4.1. Cow Dung as Fermentable Material 27.4.2. Poultry Waste as Fermentable Material 27.4.3. Water Hyacinth as Fermentable Material 27.4.4. Comparison of Results 27.5. Conclusions 28. TECHNIQUES FOR PURIFYING BIOGAS 28.1. Material and Method 28.2. Results 28.2.1. Biofiltration 28.2.2. Adsorption 28.2.3. Pressurized Water Scrubbing 28.2.4. Refrigeration/Chilling 28.3. Conclusion 29. COMPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND BOTTLING OF BIOGAS 29.1. Materials and Methods 29.1.1. Designed and Establishment of Biogas Scrubbing and Storage Facility 29.1.2. Biogas Scrubbing 29.1.3. Biogas Compression and Storage 29.2. Results and Discussion 29.2.1. Purification 29.2.2. Effect of Purification on Heating Value 29.2.3. Water Acidity Test 29.2.4. Compression and Storage 30. BIOGAS FROM CATTLE SLURRY AND NAPIER GRASS 30.1. Materials and Methods 30.1.1. Feedstocks Preparation 30.1.2. Determination Test of Biogas Components 30.1.3. Analytical Methods 30.2. Results and Discussion 30.2.1. Napier Grass New Energy Crops: Opportunities and Importance 30.2.2. Slurry Manure Utilization in a Cow Farm is a New Concept 30.2.3. Anaerobic Digestion 30.3. Conclusion 31. COMPRESSED BIOGAS (CBG) 31.1. Uses for CBG 31.2. The Future of CBG 31.3. Benefits of CBG 31.4. CBG Production Technology 31.5. Compressed Biogas Plant 32. HOW TO START COMPRESSED BIOGAS BUSINESS 33. PLANT LAYOUT DESCRIPTION FOR COMPRESSED BIOGAS PRODUCTION 34. PLANT & MACHINERY USED IN COMPRESSED BIOGAS (CBG) PRODUCTION 35. ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPRESSED BIOGAS PLANT (CBG)/BIO-CNG PLANTS 35.1. Background 35.2. Biogas 35.3. Biogas Generation Process 35.4. Compressed Biogas (CBG) 35.5. Scrubbing Technology 35.6. Raw Material/ Substrate for Biogas Generation 35.6.1. Animal Waste 35.6.2. Plant Waste/ Farm Waste 35.6.3. Process Waste 35.6.4. Municipal Solid Waste 35.7. Products of Biogas Process 35.8. Categorization of CBG/Bio-CNG Plants 35.9. Guidelines to be Followed by CBG Plants 36. BIS STANDARDS 37. PLANT LAYOUT DESCRIPTION OF BIOGAS BUSINESS 38. PLANT LAYOUT AND PROCESS FLOW CHART & DIAGRAM 39. PHOTOGRAPHS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY WITH SUPPLIERS CONTACT DETAILS • Biogas Scrubber • Biogas Compressor • Biogas Generator • Biogas Analyzer • Biogas Storage Balloon • Biogas Slurry Feeding Screw Pumps • Biogas Dehumidification System (BDS) • Biogas Balloon • Biogas Purification System • Vibrating Fluid-Bed Dryers / Coolers • Anaerobic Digester • Digonal/Inclined Side Entry type Agitators/Mixer • Feeding System • Venturi Flow Meter

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