NIIR

Contents

  l INTRODUCTION TO ADHESIVES

ADVANTAGES OF ADHESIVE BONDING

HISTORY

TYPES OF ADHESIVES

Application and Setting

Origin

Cure; Solubility; Crosslinking

Hybrids and coupling Agents

Adhesive Films

High Temperature Resistance; Flame Retardance

MATCHING ADHESIVE TO ADHEREND

Critical Surface Tension

Solubility Parameter

Figure

DESIGNING POLYMERS FOR ADHESIVES

Grafting

Reactive Oligomers and Polymers

Copolymerization

Block Copolymers

Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN)

NEW TRENDS



l FUNDAMENTALS OF ADHESION

INTRODUCTION

Bond Types

Setting

Adhesive Joint Strengths

SURFACES AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION

Solids

Liquids

INTERFACES

Thermodynamics of Adhesion

Acid-Base Considerations 

SURFACE TREATMENT

Metal

Polymers

MEASUREMENT OF ADHESION

Introduction

Test Methods

STRENGTH OF ADHESION

 Introduction

Molecular Interactions

Autohesion

Durability

Nondestructive Evaluation of Bonds

l ANIMAL GLUE

CHEMISTRY

MANUFACTURING

PROPERTIES

TEST GRADES

TESTING

CUSTOMER PREPARATION OF GLUE SOLUTIONS

LIQUID ANIMAL GLUES

FLEXIBLE AND NON-WARP GLUES

GLUE APPLICATION

COATED ABRASIVES

SET-UP WHEELS

GREASELESS BUFFING COMPOUNDS

GUMMED TAPE

GLASS CHIPPING

SIZING AND COATING

PAPER

COMPOUNDED RUBBER

GASKET MANUFACTURING

MATCHES

METAL REFINING

OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR ANIMAL GLUE



l CASEIN AND MIXED PROTEIN ADHESIVES

Manufacture of Casein

Specifications and Typical Analyses for Casein

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLOBULAR PROTEIN

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CASEIN

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CASEIN

Other Viscosity Factors

LIME-FREE CASEIN ADHESIVES

Preparation of Casein Solutions, General

Preservatives

Preparation of an Alkaline Casein Solution

Additives for Casein Solutions

APPLICATIONS USING CASEIN SOLUTIONS AND ADHESIVES

Casein as a Protective Colloid

Paper Coatings

Foil-to-Paper Laminating Adhesives

Ice Water Lable Paste Adhesives

CASEIN AND PROTEIN BLEND GLUES AS WOOD ADHESIVES

Chemistry of Protein Blend Glues

Formulation and Chemistry of Casein-Lime Glues

Mixing Casein Glue

Additives for Casein and Protein Blend Glues

Uses of Casein Glues

Specifications Applying to Casein Glue

Viscosity and Pot Life

Certification of Fire Doors

Properties of Casein Glues

Durability of Casein Glues



l STARCH BASED ADHESIVES

MODIFICATION OF STARCHES

Fluidity Starches

Oxidized Starches

Dextrinization

Hydroxyethylation

Cationic Starches

Amphoteric Starches

Miscellaneous Derivatives

EFFECT OF ADDITIVES

Sodium Hydroxide

Borax

Urea

Glycerol

Soluble Soaps

Urea-Formaldehyde Resin

Miscellaneous Additives

STARCH ADHESIVES

Jelly Gums

Other Liquid Formulations

Pastes

Borated Dextrins

White Dextrins

Canary Dextrins

British Gums

Waxy Starch Dextrins

Dextrin/Silicate Blends

Pregelatinized Starches

APPLICATION AREAS

Papermaking

Paper Coating

Corrugating

Bag Adhesives

Laminating Adhesives

Tube Winding

Corrugated Boxes

Gummed Tapes

Label and Envelope Adhesives

Paper Box

Textiles

Wall Covering Adhesives

Miscellaneous Uses

GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS: ADDITIVES



l NATURAL RUBBER ADHESIVES

INTRODUCTION

RAW MATERIALS

Natural Rubber Latex

Preservation

Dry Natural Rubber

Natural Rubber Grafted with Methyl Methacrylate (Heveaplus MG)

Depolymerized Rubber

Synthetic Polyisoprene

FORMULATION OF LATEX ADHESIVES

Quick-Grab Adhesive

Self-Adhesive Envelopes

Latex Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

Tile Adhesives

Reseal Adhesives

Anchor Coat for Tufted Carpets

Other Nonvulcanizing Latex Adhesives

Vulcanizing Latex Adhesives

SOLUTION ADHESIVES FROM NATURAL RUBBER

Nonvulcanizing Adhesives

Vulcanizing Adhesives

Mastics, Asphaltics, and Sealants

GRAFTED COPOLYMER HEVEAPLUS MG

FORMULATIONS



l BUTYL RUBBER AND POLYISOBUTYLENE

INTRODUCTION

BASIC PROPERTIES

Butyl Rubber

Polyisobutylene

Halogenated Butyl Rubber

Butyl Rubber and Polyisobutlene Latices

Modified Butyls

FORMULATING AND PROCESSING

Choice of Polymer

Pigments and Fillers

Tackifiers, Plasticizers, and Other Polymeric Additives

Curing Systems

Solvents and Solution Processing

Mixing and Processing Techniques and Guidelines

APPLICATIONS AND FORMULATIONS

Adhesives and Mastics

Sealants

Mixing

l NITRILE RUBBER ADHESIVES

INTRODUCTION

PREPARATION OF NITRILE RUBBER

EMULSION TECHNOLOGY

Functionally Terminated Telechelic Liquid Polymers

COMPOUNDING NITRILE RUBBER CEMENTS

Polymer Selection and Solubilization

Types of Compounding Ingredients

APPLICATION

Nitrile Rubber Systems

Nitrile Rubber/Phenolic Adhesives

Nitrile Rubber/Epoxy Adhesives



l STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER ADHESIVES

INTRODUCTION

Perspective

History of SBR

Manufacture of SBR

Basic Chemistry of SBR

SBR LATEXES IN ADHESIVES

General

Classification

Benefits of SBR Latexes

Compounding Ingredients

Major Applications

SBR (SOLID) IN ADHESIVES

General

Classification

Compounding Ingredients

Major Applications



l NEOPRENE (POLYCHLOROPRENE) - 

BASED SOLVENT AND LATEX ADHESIVES

HISTORY

THE EFFECT OF POLYMER STRUCTURE

NEOPRENE SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVE CEMENTS

Types of Neoprene

Antioxidants

Metal Oxides

Resins

Fillers

Curing Agents

Solvents

Adhesive Processing

End Uses

Application Methods

NEOPRENE LATEX-BASED ADHESIVES

Anionic Types

Nonionic Type

Compounding

Typical Formulations



l POLYSULFIDE SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES

POLYSULFIDE SEALANTS

Chemistry

Compounding

Curing Agents

Fillers

Plasticizers

Adhesion

Primers

Specifications

ADHESIVES FROM POLYSULFIDE LIQUID 

POLYMER-EPOXY RESIN REACTIONS

Chemistry

Physical Properties

Applications

OTHER MERCAPTAN-TERMINATED POLYMERS

Polyethers

Polyesters

Urethanes

Olefin



l PHENOLIC RESIN ADHESIVES

CHEMISTRY

Formaldehyde

Novolaks

Strong Acid Reactions

Weak Acid Reactions

Resoles

Dispersion Resoles

Resin Cure

MANUFACTURE

ABRASIVES

Bonded Abrasives

Coated Abrasives

COATINGS

FOUNDRY

FRICTION COMPOSITES

MOLDING COMPOUNDS

PHOTORESISTS AND CARBONLESS PAPER

LAMINATING

WOOD BONDING

INSULATION AND FOAM

GENERAL ADHESIVES

ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

l AMINO RESIN ADHESIVES

HISTORY

RAW MATERIALS

CHEMISTRY

END USES

Particleboard

Plywood

High-Pressure Decorative Laminates

Miscellaneous Applications

TOXICITY



l EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES

INTRODUCTION

EPOXY RESINS USED IN ADHESIVES

Bisphenol A Based Epoxy Resins

Epoxy Novolac Resins

High performance Epoxy Resins

Flexible Epoxy Resins

CURING AGENTS USED IN ADHESIVES

Polysulfide

Amines

Aliphatic Amines

Cycloaliphatic Amines

Aromatic Amines

Polyamides

Amidoamines

Dicyandiamide

Catalytic Curing Agents

Anhydrides

SUMMARY

DILUENTS

FILLERS

ELASTOMERIC MODIFIERS

TYPICAL ADHESIVE FORMULATIONS

COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES

Robotics

Induction Curing

APPLICATIONS AND SUMMARY



l POLYURETHANE - AND ISOCYANATE -

BASED ADHESIVES

REASONS FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS 

OF POLYURETHANE AND ISOCYANATE-BASED 

ADHESIVES 321-323 

TYPES AND USE OF POLYURETHANE 

AND ISOCYANATE BASED ADHESIVE SYSTEMS

Method A (isocyanate primer)

METHOD B (CONVENTIONAL PLASTIC OR 

RUBBER VEHICLE + ISOCYANATE)

The Relative Effectiveness of "Vulcabond" T and Tx in 

Rayon Cord-to-Natural Rubber Adhesion

Method C (in situ polyurethane polymerization)

Method D (polyurethane elastomer without or 

with added polyisocyanate)

Method E (blocked di-or polyisocyanate)

Method F (aqueous dispersion)

Method G (film and tape)

Method H (powder)

POLYURETHANE STABILIZATION

HANDLING ISOCYANATE BASED ADHESIVES

IDENTIFICATION OF ADHESIVE COMPONENTS



l POLYOLEFIN AND ETHYLENE COPOLYMER-BASED 

HOT MELT ADHESIVES

ADHESIVE FORMULATION

Polymers

Tackifiers

Waxes

HOT MELT ADHESIVES APPLICATIONS

Cases, Cartons, and Trays

Bookbinding

Nonwovens

Furniture

Labels

Polyester Beverage Bottles

Carpet Seaming Tape

Paper Laminates

HOT MELT APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

FUTURE OF HOT MELT ADHESIVE



l POLYVINYL ACETAL ADHESIVES

CHEMISTRY

HEALTH, TOXICOLOGY, AND SAFETY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Solubility

Compatibility

Viscosity

Mechanical Properties

Thermal Properties

USES AS AN ADHESIVES 

Hot Melts

Thermosetting Adhesives

Adhesion to Metal

Adhesion to Natural Surfaces

Green Strength Binder

Composites

Adhesion to Glass

Other Uses



l ACRYLIC ADHESIVES

TECHNOLOGY

Chemistry

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)

Crosslinked Thermosets

BONDING PROCESSES

Pressure Sensitive

Contact Bonding

Heat and Pressure Bonding

Vacuum Bonding

Wet Laminating Adhesives

Filled Adhesives

ENGINEERING ADHESIVES

Chemistry and Technology

Radiation Curing

Application Processes

Current Uses



l PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES FOR TAPES AND LABELS

CONSTRUCTIONS

Manufacture

Backings

Release Coatings and Liners

ADHESIVE SYSTEMS

Tackifiers

Rubber-Based Adhesives

Acrylics

Silicones

Miscellaneous Polymers

Surface Energetics

Tack

Peel Adhesion

Cohesive Strength

TEST METHODS

Tack Testing

Peel Adhesion Testing

Shear Resistance Testing

Miscellaneous Tests

Tapes

Labels and Decals

Other Products

Adhesive Mass Thicknesses



l FACTORS INFLUENCING GUM COSTS AND APPLICATIONS

DEFINITION OF GUM

FACTORS AFFECTING RAW GUM COSTS

1. Exudate Gums

2. Seaweed Gums

3. Seed Gums

4. Starch and Cellulose Derivatives

INDUSTRIALLY VALUABLE PROPERTIES OF GUMS

1. Linear Netural Polysaccharides

2. Brached Neutral Polysaccharides

3. Polysaccharides with Carboxyl Groups

4. Polysaccharides with Strong Acid Groups

5. Polysaccharides tuith basic Groups 

MODIFIED GUMS

1. Introduction of Neutral Groups

2. Introduction of Acideic Groups

3. Introduction of Groups

4. Graft Polymers

5. Other Chemical Modifications of Natural Polysaccharides



l AGAR

INTRODUCTION

SOURCE

1. Raw Matrial

2. Processing

3. Finished Product

HISTORY

1. Discovery

2. Manufacture

3. Use

4. Present Applications

5. Derivatives

IV. STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

1. Solid

2. Sols

3. Gels



l ALGIN

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

1. Source

2. Seasonal Variations

3. Harvesting

4. Processing

5. Grades

6. Industrial Importance

7. Potential Amount

APPLICATIONS

1. Introducation

2. Mode of Action

3. Foods

DAIRY PRODUCTS

BAKERY PRODUCTS

OTHER FOOD PRODUCTS

4. Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics

5. Industrial Applications

PAPER PRODUCTS

TEXTILE PRODUCTS

RUBBER PRODUCTS

OTHER INDUSTRIAL USES

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

1. Dissolution

2. Solution Properties

3. Gels

4. Films

5. Compatibilities

6. Algin in Foods

7. Other Properties



l LAMINARAN

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

1. Source

2. Producing Areas

3. Seasonal Effects

4. Collection

5. Preparation

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES



l CHITIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

1. Crustaceans

2. Insects

3. Fungi

4. Preparation

5. Preparation of Deacetylated Chitin, Other Chitin 

Derivatives, and D-Glucosamine

6. Grades

7. Potential Amount

HISTORY

IV APPLICATION

1. Sizing

2. Adhesives

3. Emulsion Stabilization and Thickening

4. Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics

5. Extruded Fibers and Films

6. Glycosamine Hydrochloride in Foods and Pharmaceticals

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

1. Solubility and Viscosity

2. Gels

3. Films and Fibers

4. Adhesiveness

5. Compatibilities



l GUM ARABIC

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

1. Republic of the Sudan

3. Nigeria

4. Tanganyika

5. Morocco

6. British Somaliland and Abyssinia

7. South Africa

8. India

9 Australia

10. Miscellaneous

TYPES OF GUM IN THE UNITED STATES

STRUCTURE

ARABIC ACID

1. Preparation

2. Properties

3. Degraded Gum Arabic

4. Derivatives of Arabic Acid

FACTORS WITH  AFFECT VISCOSITY

1. Concentration

2. Temperature

3. Electrolytes

4. pH

5. Solvents Others Than Water

6. Aging

7. Mechanical Treatment

8. Ultrasonic Vibrations and Ultravilent Irradiation

OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. Surface Tension

2. Freezing Point

COACERVATION

1. Introduction

2. Gum Arabic-Gelatin Coacervates

3. Preparation of Coacervates

4. General Properties, Physical Appearance, and Composition

5. Effect of Temperature

6. Effect of pH

7. Reactions of Salts

8. Physical Phenomena

9. Uses of Gum Arabic-Gelatin Coacervates

10. Coexisting Coacervates

11. Other Coacervates

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. Chemical Reactivity

2. Solubility

3. Enzymes

SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GUM ARABIC

1. Isolation of Gum Arabic from Commercial Products

2. Systematic Analytical Scheme

3. Physical Confirmatory Tests

4. Chemical Confirmatory Tests

5. Direct Tests for Gum Arabic in Some Commercial Products

USES

1. Foods

2. Adhesives

3. Paints

4. Inks

5. Lithography

6. Textiles

7. Miscellaneous



l CORN HULL GUM

INTRODUCTION

SOURCE AND PREPARATION

DEVELOPMENT OF USE

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES



l GUAR GUM

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

1. Source and Producing Areas

2. Agronomics

3. Purification

4. Grades

USES

1. HISTORY

2. Mining Industry

3. Foods

4. Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals

5. Paper Industry

6. Explosives

7. Derivatives

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

1. Viscosity

2. Gels

3. Films

4. Adhesiveness

5. Miscellaneous



l GUM KARAYA

INTRODUCTION

Production

1. Source

2. Producing Areas

3. Seasonal Effect

4. Collection

5. Purification

6. Grades

7. Impurities

8. Potential Amount

USES

1. History

2. Commercial Value

STRUCTURE

PROPERTIES

1. Dissolution and Viscosity Measurements

2. Gels

3. Films

4. Adhesiveness

5. Acid Resistance

6. Dispersibility

7. Ropiness

8. Water Retention

l PECTIN

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

1. Source

2. Producing Areas

3. Seasonal Effects

4. Collection

5. Purification

6. Grades and Definitions of Grades

7. Impurities

8. Quantities Marketed

9. General Industrial Uses Other Than is Foods

FOOD

Mode of Action

Structure

Properties

1. Pectin Types as Defined by Degree of Methylation

2. Solubility

3. Solutions, Stability and Viscosity

4. Gels

5. Assay Methods, Calculations, and Composition



DIRECTORY SECTION

PRESENT MANUFACTURERS

SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS

SUPPLIERS OF THE PLANT M/C & EQUPT.

Sample Chapters