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Cultivation of Tropical, Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants


Cultivation of Tropical, Subtropical, Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Author: NIIR Board
Format: Paperback
ISBN: 8186623876
Code: NI119
Pages: 652
Price: Rs. 1,075.00   US$ 28.95

Published: 2004
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Research
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Plant spices grown in tropical countries on small scale family farms of commercial farms, to provide foods for human or live stock, in dry or humid regions are highly abundant and taxonomically diversified. Vegetables comprise of a large number of plants, mostly annual, of which different parts like leaf, steam, flowers, fruit, root etc. are eaten. They are rich in nutrients and are essential items of a balanced diet. Vegetables are called protective food as their consumption can prevent several diseases. Many vegetables are important items of commerce and thus can play a major role in the economic development. Generally classification of horticulture plants are based on nature of growth climatic requirement continuation of growth
types of fruit parts used botanical relationship, salinity tolerance, ripening behaviour , botanical relationship, hardness or temperature tolerance, cool season vegtables, warm season vegetables, parts used as food, methods of raising, etc. Medicinal and aromatic plants are important for human health. These plants have been used from the prehistoric times to present day. These plants based medicines are consumed in all civilizations. It is believed that the herbal medicine can give good effect to body without causing side effects to human life. Besides, the usage of medical plants has been increasing as an important role that can support the economic system. The medical and aromatic plants for health are used as herbal treatments and therapies that can be new habits for culture. Medicinal and aromatic plants constitute a large segment of the flora, which provide raw materials for use by various industries. They have been used in the country for a long time for their medicinal properties. The decision to cultivate medicinal herbs should only be made in response to demand for particular herbs. The market is very competitive and could easily be oversupplied.

This book majorly deals with classification of horticultural plants, classification of flowers, classification of spices, soil and climatic requirements of horticultural plants, beet root, bottle gourd, harvesting and post harvest management, poly house vegetable production in temperate regions, vegetables growing in containers, tea, performance of plants from cutting, vegetative propagation, rubber, biofertilizers in vegetable cultivation, postharvest management of tropical
tuber crops, etc.
This is an informative resource of the cultivation, irrigation, manuring, fertilization, harvesting and post harvest management of tropical, subtropical, vegetables, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. This book is useful for entrepreneurs, ayurvedic institutes, libraries and consultants.

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Contents

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VEGETABLE CROPS
1. CLASSIFICATION OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS
Plant Kingdom
Classification of Fruits
Based on Nature of Growth
Based on Climatic Requirement
Based on Continuation of Growth
Based on Types of Fruit
Based on Parts Used
Based on Botanical Relationship
Based on Salinity Tolerance
Based on Ripening Behaviour
Based on Ethylene Evolution
Based on Bearing Behaviour
Classification of Vegetables
Based on Botanical Relationship
Based on Hardness or Temperature Tolerance
Cool Season Vegetables
Warm Season Vegetables
Based on Tolerance to Soil Acidity
Based on Tolerance to Salt
Based on Parts Used as Food
Based on Methods of Raising
Based on Forcing
Based on Rate of Respiration
Classification of Flowers
Based on Season of Growing
Based on Colour of Flower
Based on Purpose of Growing
Based on Nature of Growth
Based on Mode of Propagation
Based on Growth Behaviour
Classification of Spices
Based on Completion of Life Cycle
Based on Growth Behaviour
Based on Importance
Based on Part Used
Based on Utility
Based on Cultural Management
Based on Botanical Relationship
Classification of Plantatoin Crops
Based on Botanical Relationship
Based on Growth Behaviour
Based on Utility
Based on Extent of Growing
Based on Intensity of Cultivation
2. SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS OF
HORTICULTURAL PLANTS
Soil
Alluvial Soils
Tarai Soils
Arid Soils
Black Soils
Red Soils
Laterite Soils
Marshy Soils
Climate
Temperate Climate
Tropical Climate
Sub-Tropical Climate
Different Types of Horticulturally Potential Zones
of the Country
Temperate Zone
North-Western Sub-Tropical Zone
North-Eastern Sub-Tropical Zone
Central Tropical Zone
Southern Tropical Zone
Coastal/Tropical Zone
Influence of Climatic Factors
On the Growth of Plants
Temperature
Humidity
Wind
Rainfall
Solar Radiation
3. VARIETAL WEALTH OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Fruits
Vegetables
Flowers
Plantation Crops
Seed Spices
4. AGATHI
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Yield
5. AMARANTH
Climte and Soil
Varieties
Badi Chaulai
Chhoti Chaulai
Pusa Kiran
Pusa Lal Chaulai
Pusa Kirti
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Seed Production
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
6. ASH GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Apau Shakthi
Cultivation
Irrigation
Crop Regulation
Manuring and Fertilization
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
7. BEET ROOT
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Detroit Dark Red
Crimson Globe
Propagation and Rootstock
Cultivation
Planting
Training and Pruning
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
8. BITTER GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Irrigation
Manuring and Fertilization
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
9. BOTTLE GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arka Bahar
Kalyanpur Hari Lambi
Punjab Komal
Punjab Long
Punjab Round
Pusa Manjari
Pusa Meghdut
Pusa Naveen
Pusa Summer Prolific Long
Pusa Summer Prolific Round
Rajendera Chamatkar
Cultivation
Field Preparation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Training
Interculture
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
10. BRINJAL
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Interculture
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
11. BROCCOLI
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Palam Samridhi
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
12. BRUSSELS SPROUT
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Jade Cross
Hilds Ideal
Rubine
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
13. CABBAGE
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Copenhagen Market
Drumhead Savoy
Golden Acre
Pride of India
Pusa Drumhead
Pusa Mukta
Red Cabbage
September
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Interculture
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
14. CAPSICUM
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Planting
Training and Pruning
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
15. CARROT
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Tropical or Asiatic Types
Temperate or European Types
Cultivation
Land Preparation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
16. CAULIFLOWER
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Raising of Nursery
Transplanting
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
Riceyness
Fuzziness
Leafy Curds
Blindness
Buttoning
Chlorosis
Hollow Stem
Browning (brown-rot or red-rot)
Whiptail
17. CELERY
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Fork Hook Emperor
Standard Beared
Wright Grove Giant
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
18. CHILLI
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Raising Seedlings
Manuring and Fertilization

Irrigation and Interculture
Weed Control
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
19. COWPEA
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arka Garima
Pusa Barsati
Pusa Dofasali
Pusa Komal
Pusa Phalguni
Pusa Rituraj
Philippines Early
Yard Long Bean
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Aftercare
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
20. CUCUMBER
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Himangi
Japanese Long Green
Poinsett
Poona Khira
Pusa Sanyog
Sheetal
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
21. CURRY LEAF
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Propagation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
22. DRUMSTICK
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Chavakacheri Muringai
Chemmurungai
Jaffna Type
Kattumurungai
Kodikalmurungai
Palmurungai
Punamurungai
Yazphanam Muringa
Cultivation
Sowing
Crop Production
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Weeding
Intercropping
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
23. FRENCH BEAN
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arka Komal
Bountiful
Contender
Jampa
Kentucky Wonder
Lakshmi
Pant Anupma
Premier
Pusa Parvati
Cultivation
Sowing
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
24. GARLIC
Climate amd Soil
Varieties
Propagation and Planting Material
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
25. KALE
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
26. KNOL-KHOL
Climate and Soil
Varieties
King of North
Large Green
Purple Vienna
White Vienna
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
27. LABLAB BEAN
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Pusa Early Prolific
Cultivation
Field Preparation
Aftercare
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
28. LETTUCE
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Propagation
Planting
Manuring
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorder
29. MUSKMELON
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arka Jeet
Arka Rajhans
Durgapura Madhu
Hara Madhu
Hisar Madhur
Hisar Saras
Punjab Hybrid
Pusa Madhuras
Pusa Rasraj
Punjab Rasila
Pusa Sharbati
Punjab Sunehri
Cultivation
Sowing
Land Preparation
Manuring and Fertilization
Hoeing and Weeding
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
30. OKRA
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arka Abhay
Arka Anamika
Azad Kranti
Harbhajan Bhindi
Hisar Unnat
Parbhani Kranti
Perkins Long Green
Punjab Padmini
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Red Bhindi
Varsha Uphar
Cultivation
Sowing
Training and Pruning
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
31. ONION
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Planting
Transplanting
Planting by Bulbs
Direct Sowing
Planting by Sets
Manuring and Fertilization
Cultural Operations
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
32. PALAK OR INDIAN SPINACH
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Planting
Manuring
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
33. PARSLEY
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
34. PEA
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arkel
Bonneville
Harbhajan
Lincoln
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
35. POINTED GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
CHES Elite Line
Chhota Hilli
Dandali
Hilli
Shankolia
Swarna Alaukik
Swarna Rekha
Propagation
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Training
Interculture
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
36. PUMPKIN
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Ambili
Arka Chandan
Pusa Vikas
Pusa Vishwas
Cultivation
Sowing
Land Preparation
Interculture
Irrigation
Off-season Cultivation
Seed Production
Hybrid Seed Production
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
37. RADISH
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Asiatic or Tropical
Arka Nishant
Japanese White
Jaunpuri Giant or Newari
Kalyani White
Nadauni
Punjab Safed
Pusa Chetki
Pusa Desi
Pusa Himani
Pusa Reshmi
European or Temperate Varieties
Chinese Pink
Rapid Red White Tipped
Scarlet Globe
White Icicle
Cultivation
Preparation of Land
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Interculture
Irrigation
Growth Regulators
Seed Production
Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
38. RIDGE GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Pusa Nasdar
Satputia
Cultivation
Sowing
Interculture
39. ROUND MELON
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Arka Tinda
Tinda Ludhiana
Tinda Tonk
Tamil Nadu Selection
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Interculture
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
40. SNAKE GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
41. SPINACH
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Propagation
Planting
Manuring
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
42. SPONGE GOURD
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Interculture
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
43. TOMATO
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Raising seedlings
Direct Seeding
Planting
Training and Pruning
Aftercare
Irrigation
Seed Production
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
44. TURNIP
Climage and Soil
Varieties
Early Milan Red Top
Golden Ball
Purple Top White Globe
Pusa Chandrima
Pusa Kanchan
Pusa Swarnima
Pusa Sweti
Snow Ball
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Interculture
Seed Production
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorder
45. WATERMELON
Climage and Soil
Varieties
Arka Jyoti
Arka Manik
Asahi Yamato
Durgapura Kesar
Durgapura Meetha
Improved Shipper
New Hampshire Midget
Pusa Bedana
Sugar Baby
Cultivation
Pruning and Training
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Forcing Watermelons out of Season
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
46. POLYHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN
SUBTROPICS
Selection of Sites
Polyhouse Structures
Frames and Cladding Material
Environment Control
Selection of Vegetables
Nursery Raising
Off-season Vegetables Production
Aftercare
47. POLYHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN
TEMPERATE REGIONS
Polyhouses
Benefits
Status
Indian Polyhouses
Plastic Low Tunnels
Soil Trench
Site Selection
Polyhouse Structure
Vegetable Production
Nursery Raising
Vegetable Production
Seed Production
Hydroponics and Micropropagated Vegetables
Polyhouse Pests and Diseases
Some Problems
Prospects in India
48. VEGETABLES GROWING IN CONTAINERS
Types of Containers
Tools, Manures, Seeds, Fungicides and Insecticides
Suitable Vegetables and their Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing/planting
Aftercare
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
PROPAGATION OF PLANTATI ON CROPS
49. TEA
Seed Propagation
Storage
Germination
Seed-Size
Seed-Coat
Treatment with Growth Substance
Treatment with Fungicides
Temperature
Biochemical Changes during Germination
Seedling Growth
Seed Size
Effect of Insecticides
Irradiation
Vegetative Propagation
Cutting
Type of Cutting
Etiolation and Girdling
Media
Season
Clonal Variations
Effect of Growth Substances
Stock Plant
Oxygen
Fungicide and Nematicide
Type of Cutting and Growth Substances
Type of Cutting and Media
Type of Cutting and Season
Type of Cutting, Media and Temperature
Type of Cutting, Season and Growth Substances
Type of Cutting, Media and Growth Substance
Type of Cutting and Treatment with Nutrients
Growth Substance, Media and Temperature
Type of Cutting, Light, Humidity, Media and Growth
Substance
Storage of Cutting
Other Treatments
Root Cutting
Performance of Plants from Cutting
Layering
Grafting
Methods
Budding
Rootstock
Effect on Growth and Yield
Micropropagation
50. CACAO
Seed Propagation
Storage and Viability
Germination
Stage of Harvest
Depth of Sowing
Air Drying
Size of Pod
Position of Seed in Pod
Temperature
Media
Sugar
Endogenous Substances
Seedling Survival and Growth
Stage of Harvest of Seeds
Container and Media
Effect of Growth Substance and Antitranspirant
Hybrids
Age of Seedling at Transplanting
Vegetative Propagation
Cutting
Stock Plant
Type of Cutting
Media
Humidity
Light
Effect of Growth Substances
Type of Shoot and Growth Substances
Etiolation
Growth Substance and Fungicides
Type of Cutting and Growth Substance
Media and Light
Media and Growth Substance
Type of cutting and Humidity
Type of Cutting, Media and Humidity
Type of Cutting, Growth Substance and Media
Type of Cutting, Media, Humidity and Temperature
Type of Cutting, Media, Light and Growth Substances
Humidity, Temperature, Growth Substance and Light
Clonal Variation
Hardening of Cutting
Layering
Grafting
Budding
Methods
Preparation of Budwood
Top Working
Rootstock
Effect on Growth and Yield
Incompatibility
Effect of Different Methods of Propagation
Micropropagation
51. COFFEE
Seed Propagation
Viability
Germination
Collection of Seed
Moisture Content of Seed
Effect of Cover
Media
Seed Treatment
Seedling Growth
Depth of Sowing
Container
Media
Growth Substances, Fungicides and Nutrition
Vegetative Propagation
Root Sucker
Cutting
Type of Cutting
Time of Taking Cutting
Media
Humidity
Temperature
Effect of Growth Substances
Type of Cutting and Growth Substances
Type of Cutting, Media and Temperature
Type of Cutting, Media and Growth Substances
Growth Substances and Media
Media, Temperature and Humidity
Root Cutting
Leaf Cutting
Layering
Stooling
Grafting
Methods
Type of Scion
Season
Effect of Leaves
Growth of Grafted Plants
Top Working
Budding
Storage of Budwood
Rootstock
Compatibility
Growth and Adaptibility to Environment
Nematode, Disease and Pest Resistdant Rootstock
Micropropagation
52. RUBBER
Seed Propagation
Harvesting
Viability
Germination
Seedling Growth
Vegetative Propagation
Cutting
Type of Cutting
Juvenility
Ringing
Effect of Light
Effect of Growth Substances
Effect of Fungicides
Humidity and Temperature
Type of Cutting and Growth Substances
Grafting
Methods
Performance of Grafted and Budded Plants
Budding
Methods
Selection of Budwood
Age of Rootstock
Budding Material
Treatment
Care of Budded Plants
Performance of Budded Plants
Top Working
Rootstock
Effect on Growth and Yield
Resistant to Pests and Diseases
Influence of Scion on Growth and Yield
Micropropagation
53. OIL PALM
Seed Propagation
Storage and Viability
Germination
Effect of Media and Temperature
Effect of Oxygen
Effect of Irradiation
Effect of Growth Substances
Biochemical Changes
Seedling Growth
Storage of Clone
Vegetative Propagation
Micropropagation
54. ARECANUT
Seed Propagation
Selection of Seed Nuts and Viability
Germination
Raising of Seedling
Selection of Seedlings
Vegetative Propagation
Layering
SPICES
55. BETELVINE
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Cultivation
Construction of Bareja or Boroj
Raising of Support Plant in Open Cultivation
Land Preparation
Soil Treatment
Planting
Training/pruning
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
56. BLACK PEPPER
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Cultivation
Planting
Training/pruning
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
57. CARDAMOM (SMALL)
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
58. CARDAMOM (LARGE)
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Bebo
Bharlangey
Golsey
Ramla
Ramsey
Sawney
Propagation
Primary Nursery
Secondary Nursery
Cultivation
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
Shade Regulation
Roguing and Gap-filling
Manuring and Fertilization
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
59. CINNAMON
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
60. CLOVE
Climate and Soil
Propagation
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Aftercare
Irrigation
Postharvest Management
61. CORIANDER
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Sindhu
Sadhna
Swathi
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Weed Control
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
62. CUMIN
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Weed Control
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
63. FENNEL
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Weed control
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorder
64. FENUGREEK
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Rajendra Kanti
Hissar Sonali
Cultivation
Sowing
Manuring and Fertilization
Weed Control
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
65. GINGER
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Cultivation
Planting
Manuring and Fertilization
Weeding and Mulching
Rotation and Intercropping of Ginger
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
66. NUTMEG
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Propagation and Rootstock
Cultivation
Nursery
Planting
Aftercare
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
67. TAMARIND
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Urigam
Cultivation
Propagation
Planting
Aftercare
Harvesting and Postharvest Management
68. TURMERIC
Climate and Soil
Varieties
Propagation
Cultivation
Manuring and Fertilization
Aftercare
Intercropping
Irrigation
Harvesting and Postharvest Technology
MEDICINAL PLANTS
69. ASGAND
70. DILL
71. GUGGAL
72. HENBANE
73. ISABGOL
74. KHASI KATERI
75. LIQUORICE
76. OPIUM POPPY
77. PERIWINKLE
78. PIPALI
79. RAUVOLFIA
80. SENNA
AROMATIC PLANTS
81. AMBRETTE SEED OR MUSKDANA
82. CELERY
83. CHAMOMILE
84. DAVANA
85. FRENCH JASMINE
86. INDIAN BASIL
87. JAVA CITRONELLA
88. KEWADA
89. LEMON GRASS
90. MINT
Peppermint
Spearmint
Bergamot Mint
91. PALMAROSA OIL GRASS
92. PATCHOULI
93. ROSE GERANIUM
94. SCENTED ROSE
95. VETIVER
96. BIOFERTILIZERS
Nitrogen Fixing Biofertilizers
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Asymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Azotobacter
Phosphate Solubilizing Biofertilizers
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Actinorhizal Plants
Biofertilizers in Vegetable Cultivation
Seed Treatment
Cutting/Set Treatment
Seedling Treatment
97. MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES
Disease Management
Escape From Pathogen
Preventing Entry of Inoculum
Eradication
Protection
Reaction of Host Crop
Prophylactic Measures (Therapeutics)
Biological Control
Chemical Control
98. POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT OF POTATO
Harvesting
Postharvest Management
Drying, Curing and Grading
Dormancy
Postharvest Losses
Physiological Losses
Pathogenic Losses
Refrigerated Storage
Non-refrigerated Storage
Traditional Storage
Processing
99. POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT OF TROPICAL
TUBER CROPS
Cassava
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Processing
Toxic Principles
Sweet Potato
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Processing
Anti-nutritional Factors
Elephant-Foot Yam
Harvesting and Handling
Utilization
Anti-nutritional Factors
Taro
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Anti-Nutritional Factors
Tannia
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Anti-Nutritional Factors
Lesser Yam
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Greater Yam
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
White Yam
Harvestinig and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Arrow-Root
Harvesting and Handling
Utilization
Chinese Potato
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Yam Bean
Harvesting and Handling
Storage
Utilization
Winged Bean
Harvesting and Handling
Winged Bean
Storage
Utilization
100. POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT OF MUSHROOMS
Postharvest Technologies
Handling Fresh Mushrooms
Harvesting
Pre-Cooling
Sorting
Dipping/Treatments
Packaging
Transportation
Storage
Processing
Low Temperature
High Temperature
Drying
Chemicals
Pickling and Lactic Acid Fermentation
Irradiation
Minimal Processing
Other Products
Future Thrust and Export
101.Tools and Equipments used in Horticulture

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(Following is an extract of the content from the book)
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[h1]Broccoli[/h1]

[p]Broccoli (Braasica oleracea var. italica) is of 2 types-heading and purple or green sprouting. Sprouting broccoli is more popular in India. Heading broccoli forms curds like cauliflower, while sprouting broccoli contains a group of green, immature buds and thick fleshy flower stalk forming a head. In India, its cultivation is negligible but now it is becoming increasingly popular in hotels in Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi and Chennai. It is mostly cultivated in the hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Nilgiri hills and northern plains of India.[/p]

[h3]CLIMATE AND SOIL[/h3]

[p]It is a cool season crop resistant to mild frost. The temperature of 20°-25°C is optimum for its proper growth, while 15°-20°C for heading stage. The heads become loose with rise in temperature.[/p]
[p]Broccoli can be grown in a wide variety of soils but deep loamy soil is best-suited. Soil should be well-drained and sufficiently fertilized. Broccoli requires moist soil for fast and proper growth. The shoots become more fibrous under dry soil. The pH of 5.0-6.5 is optimum.[/p]

[h3]VARIETIES[/h3]

[p]There is more demand for green sprouting broccoli having green, firm and compact crown heads. The side shoots or heads are less preferred in the Indian market. They are grouped into early, mid and late types. Important varieties are :[/p]

[h3]Palam Samridhi[/h3]

[p]This is a high-yielding variety. Its large terminal head weighs about 300-300 g each.[/p]

[h3]Pusa KTS 1[/h3]

[p]It is a medium-tall (65-70 cm) variety. Foliage is waxy and dark green with slightly wavy margins. Heads are solid green with small beads slightly raised at the centre. The main head size and weight are about 6.0-15.3 cm and 350-350 g respectively. It matures in 90-105 days after transplanting under temperate climate, while 5-10 days earlier in the tropical plains.[/p]

[h3]CULTIVATION[/h3]

[p]The field is prepared like that of Brussels sprout. Generally small-sized plots or beds of 3m x 3m size are prepared for transplanting the seedlings.[/p]

[p]Sprouting broccoli is mainly raised from seeds. However, vegetative propagation by cuttings and tissue culture are also practised. Its seedlings are raised in nursery beds just like other cole crops. About 300-500 g seed is sufficient to raise seedlings for a hectare. Mid-September-early-November is sowing time in plains. Generally it is sown during September-October in lower hills. About 3-6 weeks old seedlings are transplanted. The planting of over mature seedlings should be avoided. Seedlings are transplanted 35 cm apart within and between the rows. In very rich soils, spacing can be reduced to 35cm x 30cm to avoid stem hollowness due to rapid plant growth. At a wider spacing, plants produce more laterals. The closer spacing is preferred for mechanical harvesting of the central head. However, closer spacing delays maturity.[/p]

[h3]Manuring and Fertilization[/h3]

[p]Use of optimum doses of fertilizers is important for its proper growth since both rapid and slow growth are undesirable. The bud clusters become loose and hollow-stem results from rapid growth, however slow growth affect yield adversely.[/p]

[p]Generally, application of 15-20 tonnes of farmyard manure, 60-80kg N/ha and l00kg/ha each of P and K are recommended. The doses differ from place-to-place depending upon the fertility status of the soil. The full dose of P, K and half of N are applied at the time of preparation of land. The remaining dose of N should be topdressed in 2 equal split doses. The first is applied 3-5 weeks after transplanting, whereas second before head formation. A high yield of side shoots can be obtained by liberal use of N after harvesting central bud cluster.[/p]

[p]Micronutrient requirement of broccoli is fairly high. Molybdenum and Boron may be supplied by soil application or foliar sprays.[/p]

[h3]Irrigation[/h3]

[p]Broccoli needs sufficient moisture in the soil for uniform and continuous growth of plants. Therefore, frequent irrigation at 10-15 days are given depending upon weather conditions. The dry conditions adversely affect the quality and yield of shoots by being more fibrous. On the other hand waterlogging condition depresses plant growth. Generally furrow system of irrigation is practised.[/p]

[h3]Interculture[/h3]

[p]The crop should be kept weed-free. Hoeing is done for breaking the surface crust to facilitate better aeration and water absorption. Since it is a shallow-rooted crop, hoeing should not be done beyond the depth of 5-6 cm close to the plant to avoid injuries to the roots. A light earthing-up at final hoeing is beneficial. Pre-planting sprays of 2 kg/ha of Basalin followed by 1 or 2 hoeings help control weeds effectively.[/p]

[h3]HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT[/h3]

[p]The heads having 10-15cm stems should be harvested with a sharp knife when its bud clusters are green and compact. If harvesting is delayed the bud clusters become loose. The central bud cluster or head matures first. The growth of lateral shoots is promoted in the leaf axils. These sprouts may attain a diameter of 3-10 cm and the harvesting is prolonged for several weeks. The closer planting is adopted for economical and single harvest of the central bud clusters. Generally harvesting continues for 3-6 weeks. Central head weighs about 500-600 g. On an average, its yield varies from 100-150q/ha. However, Pusa KTS 1 provides 100-150 and 60q/ha in hills and plains respectively.[/p]

[p]After harvesting, its heads should be immediately sorted, graded, packed in baskets and sent to markets. A high rate of respiration results in deterioration of its quality. They should be cooled at 3.3°C and then packed with ice in crates and stored in refrigerators. They can be stored well for 7-10 days at 3°C. Broccoli can also be preserved in glass jars after lactic acid fermentation.[/p]

[h3]PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS[/h3]

[p]Deficiency of molybdenum causes whip-tail in which the lamina of the newly-formed leaves become leathery, irregular and consisting of only mid-rib. This can be prevented by soil application of 1-1.5kg of molybdenum before planting. Foliar application of 0.0-1% solution of ammonium molybdate helps control this disorder.[/p]

[p]Browning of heads results due to B deficiency. First water-soaked areas appear on bud clusters which turn pinkish or rusty-brown in advanced stages, resulting in rotting. This can be prevented by soil application of 20kg/ha of borax or sodium borate. Foliar spraying of 0.25-0.5% solution of borax is more effective, especially when the deficiency is acute. The affected portion does not fully recover but helps in appearance of new, healthy bud clusters.[/p]

[h1]Lettuce[/h1]

[p]Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a very common cool season salad crop. Its leaves are rich in vitamin A (900iu), C (l0mg), choline (178mg) and minerals-calcium (50mg) and phosphorus (28mg). If cooked, most of the vitamin C of leaves is lost.[/p]

[h3]CLIMATE AND SOIL[/h3]

[p]Since lettuce is a cool season vegetable, it performs well under subtropical and temperate (13°-16°C) conditions. Both lower and higher temperatures affect its seed germination. High temperature induces bolting also. Increased CO2, enrichment (l,000-l,500ppm) under glasshouse conditions results in high yield.[/p]

[p]Well-drained, sandy loam soil, rich in organic matter is best-suited for its cultivation. It is highly sensitive to acidic soils. Neutral soils or slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5) soils are suitable[/p].

[h3]VARIETIES[/h3]

[p]Lettuce varieties are classified into various groups-crisp head (heading types with wrinkled non-wrapper leaves, brittle textured), butter head (with small, loose heads having oily soft textured leaves), Cos or Romainer (elongated leaves forming a loaf-shaped head), leaf or bunching (non-heading or leaf type, which produce a rosette of leaves) and stem type (produce thick stem, which are eaten after peeling). A number of varieties exist in each group. 'Great Lakes' (crisphead type), Chinese Yellow (leaf type) and Slow Bolt (leaf type) are varieties recommended for cultivation. Besides, private seed companies also supply seeds of a number of varieties suited to Indian conditions.[/p]

[h3]CULTIVATION[/h3]

[h3]Propagation[/h3]

[p]Lettuce is propagated by seed. About 300-500g seed/ha is enough. Seeds have a period of dormancy. Chilling treatments given to seed (by keeping seeds in moist sand or cloth at 3-6°C for 3-5 days) in refrigerator breaks its dormancy and improves germination.[/p]

[h3]Planting[/h3]

[p]Early-October-November is sowing time. The seedlings should be transplanted 5-6 weeks after sowing at 35 cm x 35 cm spacing in flat beds.[/p]

[h3]Manuring[/h3]

[p]Application of 10-15 tonnes of farmyard manure and NPK@ 25:90:25kg/ha is recommended as basal dose. At the time of head formation or rosette formation, a dose of 25-30kg N/ha should be applied.[/p]

[h3]Aftercare[/h3]

[p]Hoeing, irrigation and weeding are important intercultural operations. First hoeing is done 2-3 weeks after planting.[/p]

[h3]Irrigation[/h3]

[p]Pre-sowing irrigation is required in nursery/seed-sown field. Similarly it requires a good irrigation after transplanting. A light irrigation is given 3-3 days after transplanting. Subsequently, weekly irrigation is sufficient. Lack of adequate soil moisture results in bolting of plants.[/p]

[h3]HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT[/h3]

[p]Heading types are harvested when heads are fully developed. It is better to avoid harvesting when there is rainfall or dew, because the turgid leaves become very crisp and break easily on handling. The produce is graded for removing the diseased and injured leaf/heads and is sent to the market. Its yield varies from 10-12 t/ha.[/p]

[p]It can be stored for 3-3 weeks under refrigerated conditions. Pre- and postharvest applications of BA (5-10ppm) helps delay senescence in storage and improves the shelf-life.[/p]

[h3]PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER[/h3]

[p]Tip burn is a physiological disorder in lettuce. This results in burning or scorching of lateral margins of inner leaves of mature head. Unfavourable seasonal/climatic factors and calcium deficiency are the causes. By applying calcium chloride, this malady can be rectified.[/p]

[h1]Vegetables Growing in Containers[/h1]

[p]In big towns and cities due to population pressure, there is hardly any space available in houses or multistorey buildings to grow any vegetable. In such situation, pots and containers can be used to raise a vegetable garden. This practice is known as container gardening.[/p]

[h3]TYPES OF CONTAINERS[/h3]

[p]Containers for raising vegetables can be cement pots, earthen pots and pans, wooden barrels, boxes and crates, plastic jars, cans and buckets, tin boxes, cans and drums of various sizes. These containers should have at least one hole of an adequate size at the bottom as in earthen pots, to drain out excess water. These containers can easily be placed on the terrace, window sills, window boxes, balcony and verandah where sunlight is available for the plants[/p].

[h3]TOOLS, MANURES, SEEDS, FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES[/h3]

[p]Certain hand tools are the primary need of a gardener. A container garden needs essentially a khurpi, spade or shovel, watering can, small hand-sprayer, garden hose preferably with a sprinkler, bamboo stakes and string (sutli). Good soil, river sand, well-decomposed organic manure (compost or farmyard manure) and nitrogenous fertilizers (urea or ammonium sulphate), insecticides (Malathion or Endosulphan) and fungicide (Captaf) are important inputs.[/p]

[p]Quality seed is most important requirement. The seeds can be purchased from the National Seeds Corporation (NSC), agricultural universities, research stations, block development centres and other reliable sources. If one is unable to raise their own seedlings, they may be arranged from reliable nurseries.[/p]

[p]The container mixture should be prepared by mixing good soil, river-sand and well-rotten organic manure in equal quantities with the help of a khurpi or shovel. The mixture should be free from various soil-borne insects, termites, red ants and cut worms, which generally damage young seedlings. For precaution, add a small quantity of BHC (5%) or Aldrex dust to the mixture before filling it in the containers. After raising a crop for one season the container mixture should be removed and cleaned of roots and exposed to the sun for a few days. This soil could then be reused after mixing one-third the quantity of organic manure and a small quantity of BHC and Captaf.[/p]

[h3]SUITABLE VEGETABLES AND THEIR VARIETIES[/h3]

[p]All vegetables cannot be grown successfully in containers. Only specific varieties of selected vegetables perform well in containers. Such vegetables, their suitable varieties, sowing or planting time, period of maturity. [/p]

[h3]CULTIVATION[/h3]

[h3]Sowing/planting[/h3]

[p]Most of the vegetables are raised by sowing their seeds directly in containers. The seedlings of brinjal, chilli, tomato, capsicum, lettuce, Brussel's sprout, broccoli, onion, parsley and leek are transplanted in containers. Their seedlings can be raised in earthen pots or pans. A single healthy seedling may be transplanted in each container. Several seedlings, each of onion, lettuce, knol-khol, parsley and leek can be transplanted in a container of the same size. Two seeds of summer squash and 3-5 seeds of clusterbean, cowpea, okra (bhindi) and Frenchbean are sown in such containers. In radish (table types), turnip and beet root, more number of seeds can be sown in each pot but finally 3-5 seedlings are allowed in a container depending upon the crop. A number of plants can be raised of amaranth, palak, spinach, Fenugreek (methi), mustard, bathua, kulfa and coriander in containers by following thick sowings of their seeds.[/p]

[h3]Aftercare[/h3]

[p]Plants in pots and containers need a lot of care and attention. It is essential to water frequently depending on the season, kind of crop and size of the plant and container. Plants need extra water in dry summer season, so watering should be done twice a day (morning and evening). Too much watering can be as harmful in winter as too little in summer. In the rainy season, proper water drainage is essential. If there is heavy rain, containers should be tilted slightly to drain out the excess water from the top.[/p]

[p]Topdressing with nitrogenous fertilizers improves plant growth and yield of vegetables directly. This can be done by applying urea or ammonium sulphate in small quantities. In general 5-10 g of urea may be applied in moist soil once a week or 10 days, starting from 3 weeks after sowing or 2 weeks after transplanting. High dose of fertilizer is very harmful since it can kill the plants. If urea or ammonium sulphate is applied in dry soil, the plants must be watered immediately. Plants of cowpea, tomato and bittergourd require staking. Hand-hoeing and weeding with the help of a small khurpi should be done periodically to remove weeds. Weeds should be uprooted gently by hand from amaranth, kulfa, methi, palak, spinach, bathua etc., if thick sowing is done.[/p]

[p]Vegetables are attacked by various pests and diseases. Aphids and jassids are small-sucking insects, injuring the plants especially in early stage of their growth. Spraying of Malathion or Endosulphan @ 2ml/litre of water controls these insects. Fruitfly and fruit-borer are serious pests of some vegetable crops. They damage young fruits and make them unfit for consumption. The attacked fruits should be plucked and destroyed. The plants should be sprayed once or twice with Malathion solution @ 1-2ml/litre of water. After spraying, fruits should not be harvested for 7 days for consumption. Fungal diseases (damping off and wilt) and viral diseases affect the plants particularly in the rainy season. Fungal diseases can be controlled by drenching the soil with 'Captaf' solution @ 2g/litre of water. Virus affected plants should be removed and destroyed[/p].


[h3]HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT[/h3]

[p]Vegetables harvested at the peak of maturity and used promptly are always superior in nutritional content, flavour and appearance. Leafy vegetables should be picked up frequently when they are most succulent and tender. Root vegetables should be pulled out while still tender as a few days delay makes them pithy, tough and unfit for consumption. Except tomato, all fruit and pod vegetables recommended for container gardening should be picked when they attain proper size and are still tender. Tomatoes are allowed to ripen on plants before harvesting.[/p]

[p]Rare vegetables-broccoli, leek, fennel, parsley and parslane (soya)-are not usually available in the market. Most of these are required in a small quantity for consumption. These can be advantageously raised in containers with assured success. Some fruit plants-strawberry, raspberry and gooseberry-can also be grown successfully in medium to big-sized containers.[/p]

[p]In fact, vegetable container gardening is an interesting hobby and useful method tor growing vegetables in urban areas. [/p]


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