The fishery sector is important from Indian economy view point as it contributes a source of income to a number of fishermen and has huge export potential. The systems and technology used in aquaculture has developed rapidly in the last fifty years. They vary from very simple facilities like family ponds for domestic consumption in tropical countries to high technology systems like intensive closed systems for export production. Much of the technology used in aquaculture is relatively simple, often based on small modifications that improve the growth and survival rates of the target species. Nowadays, the fish and fisheries industry is one of the fastest growing international commodity markets globally. Guaranteeing an adequate supply to this international market requires hundreds of thousands of fishing vessels and fish farms, as well as tens of thousands of fish processing workers, wholesalers and retailers in countries spread all over the world. The fishery sector thus generates employment and income for millions of people and in one of the major fields to venture. A wide range of aspects of fresh water aquaculture such as selection of species of fish and shellfish, construction and preparation of various types of fish ponds, control of aquatic weeds and predators, production of seed fish and their transportation, fish nutrition and fish diseases and their control pertaining to composite fish culture, air breathing fish culture etc. have been dealt with a length for easy adoption.
The major contents of the book are classification of fishes, general characters of fishes, techniques in fish identification, cold water fisheries of India, physical and chemical properties of fishery water, chemical constituents of fish, economic importance of fishes, fish in relation to human health, construction of fish farms, etc.
In this book you can find all the basic information required on the fundamental aspects of the fisheries and aquaculture technology with detailed information of their applications a wide variety of industrial processes etc. The book is very useful for research scholars, technocrats, institutional libraries and entrepreneurs who want to enter into the field of aquaculture technology.
1. Fish, Fisheries and Ichthyology
Fish
Fisheries
History of Ichthyology
2. Classification of Fishes
General Characters of Fishes
Major Groups of Living Fishes
Characterization of Living Fish Groups
Class Agnatha (Lampreys and Hagfishes)
Subclass Cyclostomata
Class Chondrichthycs (Sharks, Rays, Skates,
and Chimaeras).
Subclass Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Rays, Skates)
Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras).
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lungfishes and Lobefins)
Subclass Actinopterygii (Higher Bony Fishes)
Major groups of Extinct Fishes
Class Cephalaspides (Osteostraci)
Class Pteraspides (Heterostraci)
Class Palaeospondyli (Cycliae)
Class Pterichthyes (Antiarchi)
Class Coccostei (Arthrodira)
Class Acanthodii
Teleostei
Division I. TAENIOPEDIA (Ribbon young)
Division II. ARCHAEOPHYLACES
(Ancient watchmen)
Division III. EUTELEOSTEI (Intensive Teleostei)
3. Fish Identification
Techniques in fish identification
Morphometric characters
Meristic characters
Descriptive characters
Key to the Identification of Fishes
Fisheries of India
5. Cold Water Fisheries of India
Trout
Mirror carp
The Tench (Tinca tinca)
Golden carp (Carassius carassius)
Mahseer
Barilius
Labeo
Garra
Glyptothorax pectinopterus
Programme of Fisheries
Development of fish in the Hills of
Uttar Pradesh
Composite culture
New Directions
6. Crustacean Fisheries
Crab Fishery
Lobster Fishery
7. Molluscan Fisheries
Shell-fish Fishery
Chank Fisheries
Pearl Fisheries
8. Physico-Chemical and Biological Conditions of Fishery Water 48-58
Physical and chemical properties
Organisms in fishery water
9. Paddy Cum Fish Culture
Requisites of a paddy field for fish culture
Some of the fishes used in India for fish
culture in paddy field's are
10. By-Products of Fishing Industry
Fish Oils
Preparation of body oils of fish
Composition of fish oil
Fish Oil Industry in India
Extraction of liver oil
Liver-oil industry in India
Shark fins
Isinglass (fish-maws)
11. Chemical Constituents of Fish
Flesh of Fishes contains
Mineral constituents
Carbohydrates
Enzymes
Pigments
Vitamins
Phospholipids
12. Economic Importance of Fishes
By-products of fishes
Oils
Fish Protein
Fish-meal
Fish glue
Ising glass
Other uses
Shark fins
Fertilizers
Controllers of diseases
Scavengers
As baits
An object of sports and entertainment
Aquarium
13. Fish in Relation to Human Health
Fish in Relation to Human Health
14. Fish Aquarium
TANK Selection
Selection of Plants
Selection of Fish
Maintenance of Aquarium
15. The Diversity of Fishes
Adaptations in fishes
16. Hill Stream Fishes
Changes in external form and size of fish
Scale covering etc.
Paired fins (skeleton and musculature
connected with them)
Caudal fin and its peduncle
Mouth, jaws and barbels
Eyes
Gill opening etc.
Air-Bladder
Skin and other modifications
Examples of Indian hill stream fishes
Cyprinoids
Siluroids
17. Plankton and Fish Productivity
Basis of production :
Special adaptations of animals
planktonic life :
The relationship of zooplanktons to the
environment:
18. Zooplankton
Protozoa
Porifera
Coelenterata
Ctenophora
Nemertinea
Nematoda
Rotifera
Polyzoa
Chaetognatha
Annelida
Mollusca
Crustacea
Echinodermata
Protochordates
Fishes
Amphibians
Characteristic features of zooplankton
as stated before are
Special adaptations of animals to
planktonic existence
19. Transportation and Marketing
Transport
Ice and Cold Storage
Marketing
Fishing Crafts and Gears
Fishing Vessels
Sea Crafts
West Coast
East Coast
River Crafts
Rafts and dug-outs
Plank-built boats
Large fishing boats
Fishing Gears (Nets)
Inland Fishing Gear
Gear used in estuaries, lagoons and back
waters
Gear used in ponds, jheels, lakes and
reservoirs
Gear used in hill streams
Gear used in rivers
20. Processing and Preserving
Cleaning, Boning and Filleting Fish
Cleaning
Boning Round Fish
Skinning and Boning Flat Fish
Preparing Eels
Skinning Dogfish and Tope etc.
Preparing Lobsters and Crabs
Boiling
Extracting the Meat
Shrimps and Prawns
Shelling Shrimps and Prawns
Potted Shrimps
Shrimp Waste
Salting Fish
Roll mops
Dried Fish
Bottled or Canned Fish
Freezing
Smoked Fish
Making the Smoke
Equipment
Preparing the Fish
Brining
Smoking
Smoked Mussels
Smoked Eels
21. Aquaculture - The Concept
Mariculture
Substrate Systems
Seawater Ponds
Cages
Enclosures
Tanks
Aquaculture in Fresh and Brackish Water
Net Cage Husbandry
Dual-Purpose Use of Water and Land
22. Aquaculture - In Practice
Algae and Seaweeds
Algae
Seaweed
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Marine Fish
Fresh and Brackish Warm Water Fish
The Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Herbivorous Cyprinids
Tilapia spp.
Milk Fish (Chanos chanos)
Mullet (Mugil spp.)
Catfish
EELS (Anguilla spp.)
Other Warm Water Fish
Africa
Heterotis niloticus
Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)
Haplochromis spp., Hemichromis spp.,
Serranochromis spp.
Labeo spp.
Asia
Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)
Labyrinth Fish
South America
Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)
Fish in Colder Waters
Trout
Salmon
23. Culturable Fish and Shellfish
Culturable fishes
Indian Major Carps
Exotic (Chinese) Carps
Minor Carps
Catfishes (Order : Siluriformes)
Murrels or Snakeheads
(Order : Channiformes)
Tilapia (Order : Perciformes)
Sport fishes (Cold-water fishes)
Trouts (Order : Salmoniformes)
Salmo trutta fario (Brown trout)
Salmo gairdneri gairdneri (Rainbow trout)
Mahseers (Order : Cypriniformes)
Culturable Shellfish
24. Construction of Fish Farms
Structures of fish ponds
Bunds
Slope
Berm
Construction of pond
Determination of Quantity of Earth for the
Construction of Bund
Bund Formation
Inlet and Outlet
Simple inlet and outlet (monk) made of concrete
and bricks
Types of fish ponds
Nursery Pond
Rearing Pond
Production Pond
Other measures to be considered
during the construction of a fish farm
25. Management of Fish Farms-
Nursery pond
Eradication of Aquatic Weeds and Predators
Liming and Fertilisation
Stocking
Supplementary Feeding
Harvesting of Fry
Rearing pond
Fertilisation
Stocking
Feeding
Harvesting of Fingerlings
Production pond
Liming and Fertilisation
Stocking
Feeding
Harvesting of Fish
General Considerations
26. Induced Breeding and Seedfish Production in Carps
Induced breeding in Indian major carps
Collection of Pituitary Glands
Acetone-Drying of Pituitary Glands
Preparation of Pituitary Extract
Selection of Breeders
Injection of Pituitary Extract in Indian Major
Carps
Breeding
Hatching
Induced breeding of Chinese carps
Selection of Breeders
Induced breeding of common carp
Jar Hatchery
27. Transport of Seedfish and Breeders
Techniques of transport
Traditional Method
Transport in Closed Containers
Basis for estimating quantity of seedfish
as a standard
Transport of breeders
28. Composite Fish Culture
Feeding
Production
Economics of composite fish culture
Culture of Air-breathing Fishes
Culturable areas
Collection and rearing of murrel seed
Collection and rearing of catfish seed
Stocking of fingerlings of murrel and catfish
Feeding
Growth and production
Harvesting
29. Culture of Trouts
Characteristic features of trouts
Trout seed resources
Culture practices
Collection of eggs
Incubation of trout eggs
Flat trays and troughs
Incubators
Trout hatching jar
Nursery ponds
Rearing Pond and Raceways
Jar System
Drums
30. Culture of Ornamental Fishes
Setting up an Aquarium tank
Biological filter and aeration
Importance of Biological Filter
Qualities of Water for Aquarium Tank
Filling Water
Planting
Lighting
Varieties of goldfish
Descriptions of common species of
ornamental fish
Livebearers
Egg Layers
Introduction of fish in an aquarium tank
Feeding
Breeding of ornamental fish
Egg ScattereRs
Breeding Goldfish
Egg Depositors
Bubble-nest Builders
LivebeareRs
Water quality for breeding tanks
Selection and conditioning of fish for
breeding
Nursing the Young
Culture of Giant Fresh-water
Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Characteristic features and distribution of M.
rosenbergii
Life cycle of M. rosenbergii
Collection of spedprawn
Transportation of seedprawn
Management of production ponds
Stocking
Feeding
Growth and Production
31. Fish Farming with Agriculture and Livestock
Fish farming with agriculture
Rice-fish Culture
Simultaneous culture
Simultaneous Culture Of Fresh-water Prawn
and Rice
Rotational culture of rice and fish
Fish Culture in 'Pokkali' Fields
Banana-fish Culture
Fish farming with livestock
Duck-fish Culture
Chick-fish Culture
Chick-pig-fish Culture
Cattle-fish Culture
32. Sewage-fed Fish Culture
Quality of sewage
Sewage treatment
Description of oxidation ponds
Sewage-fed fish ponds
Sewage water for other crops
Model plans
Water Recirculation System for Fish Cultrue
Indoor water recirculation system
Outdoor water recirculation system
33. Culture of Fish Food Organisms
Culture of Diatoms
Sterilisation of glassware
Preparation of medium
Culture in test tubes or Petri dishes
Culture in carboys
Culture in large cylinders
Batch culture
Laboratory culture of zooplankton
Mass culture of zooplankton
Culture of Rotifers and Cladocerans
Culture of Artemia
34. Fish Diseases and Their Control
Medium for fish diseases
Types of diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Treatment
Disorders by Biotic Factors
Disorders by Abiotic Factors
Acidosis and alkalosis
Miscellaneous diseases
Gas Bubble Disease
Dietary Diseases
35. The Development of New
Techniques for Aquaculture
Environment Controlled Warm Water
Aquaculture
Stock Density
TEMPERATURE
Water Quality
Tanks
Feeding
Feed Quality
Feed Quantity
Feeding methods
Mechanical Feeders
Breeding
The Biology of Reproduction
Breeding Technology
Breeding And Multiplication
The Ahrensburg Closed-Cycle System
Construction
Clearing Chamber Volume and Flow Rate
Heating
Materials
Operation
Stock Density
Aeration
Water Pumps
Criteria
Function
Slat Water Modification
Tank 1: Tilapia aurea x Tilapia nilotica
Tank 2: Tilapia aurea
36. Economics of Fish Culture
Production Function
Yield rate and pond area
Input rates
Input-output co-efficients
The interesting input-output co-efficients are :
Input costs
Labour costs
Interest cost
Other costs
Total cost
Relative share of cost component in total cost
Production, Sales and Costs
Income from Fish Farming
37. Analysis of the Economics of Fish
Culture
Pond Size
Yield and input rates
Costs and returns
Farmer's income
Culture Practice
Yield and input rates
Costs and returns
Farmer's income
Water Availability
Yield and input rates
Costs and returns
Farmer's income
Ownership
Yield and input rates
Costs and returns
Farmer's income
Lease Duration
Yield and input rates
Costs and returns
Farmer's income
Government Intervention
Yield and input rates
Costs and returns
Farmer's income
38. Fish as a Food Commodity
Introduction
Biochemical Composition of Raw Fish
Nutritional Value of Raw Fish
Nutritional Value of Preserved and Processed
Fish (Fishery Products)
Fish Decomposition
Post-mortem changes and Rigor mortis
Rigor Mortis
Post-rigor decay and spoilage of fish
Enzymatic spoilage
Microbial spoilage
Bacterial flora of fish and bacterial spoilage
Chemical spoilage
Rancidity
Autolysis
Spoilage due to other factors
Spoilage in marine fish
Spoilage of freshwater fish
Fish Preservation
Introduction
Principles of preservation
Methods of preservation
Special problems in fish preservation
Food-poisoning, Intoxications, Allergies etc.
from Fish
Food-poisoning from eating a poisonous fish
species
Food-poisoning of bacterial origin
Utilization of Fish as Products and
By-products
Fish liver oil
Methods of extraction of fish liver oil from liver
Prototype of fish liver-oil manufacturing plant
Simple model of fish liver-oil extractor for use in
small scale cottage industry
Fish body oil
Fish meal
Others
Fish Silage
Fish manure and guano
Fish Sausage and ham
Fish Glue
Isinglass
Fish leather
Fish Caviar
Fish Macaroni
Fish Biscuits
Insulin
Cooking effect on Nutritional value of fish
39. Fish Meal
Making Fish Meal at Home
The Separated Liquids
Fish Oil
Stickwater
The Remaining Solids
What Kind of Fish?
40. Seaweed
Fertilizer
Feed
Food
Carragheen as a Vegetable Gelatine
Soups, Stews and Jams
Some other Carragheen Recipes
Carragheen Blancmange
Carragheen Chocolate Blancmange
Carragheen Jelly
Carragheen Cough Mixture
Sausage Coverings
Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis)
Laverbread
Laver Mutton Sauce
Dulse (Rhodymenia palmata)
Other uses for Seaweed
41. Fecundity
The individual fecundity is determined
as follows
42. A Fish Farm
The situation of the farm
Water supply
Kind of soil
Embankment
Drainage
Overflow spillway
Fish Farm Implements
43. Aquatic Pollution
Kinds of pollution
Sewage
Industrial waste
Mining waste
Silt from soil erosion
Radioactive pollution
Thermal pollution
How pollutants affect the aquatic
organisms?
Detection and measurement of pollution
Chemical tests
Physical tests
Biological tests
Where pollution is found?
Pollution Control
44. Development of Indian Fisheries
Bold programme required
Research work needed
State help essential
Problems of fishery research
Fisheries development in Japan
Commercial fisheries of India
Outside India
How to develop Indian fisheries
Inference
45. Some Traditional Dried
and Smoke Cured Products
Dried Anchoviella
Traditional Drying
Improved Method of Drying
Anchovy Flakes
Laminated Bombay Duck
Brine-pressed Sardines
Salted Boiled Fish (Pindang)
Processing
Pre-process Handling
Production
Processing Conditions and Quality Changes
during Storage
Effect of Salt Content in Brine on Quality
Biochemical Changes during Storage
Microbial Changes
Dehydrated Squid
Raw Material Quality
Drying of Squid
Beche-de-mer
Traditional Processing (Chinese Method)
Improved Method
Southeast Asian Method
Philippine Method
Uses
Maldive Fish
Masmin
Traditional Process
Improved Method
Dehydrated Jellyfish
Katsuobushi
Seasoned Products (Tsukudani)
46. Products From Whole Fish
Fishmeal
Dry Reduction
Wet Reduction
Fish Protein Concentrate
Methods of Production
FPC Type B
Texturised FPC
Types of FPC and Recommended Standards
Properties of FPC
Nutritive Value and Consumer Acceptability
Economics of FPC Production
47. Surimi
Quality
Raw Materials
Preparation of Mince
Loss and Recovery of Proteins
Types of Surimi
Role of Additives
Sugars
Starch
Polyphosphate and Sodium Chloride
Albumen
Fat
Method of Production
Surimi from Fatty Fish
Properties of Surimi
Future of Surimi
Surimi-based Products
Kamaboko
Fish Sausage
Fish Ham
48. Fermented Fishery Products
Fermentation Processes
Liquid Fermented Products (Sauces)
Factors Controlling Sauce Fermentation
Lipid Content of the Fish and Quality of Sauce
Colour
Flavour
Traditional Methods of Fermentation
Traditional Products
Fish Preserved in Fermented Media
Makassar
Buro
Pekasam
Colombo Curing
Paste Fishery Products
Bagoong (Philippines)
Belacan (Malaysia)
49. By-products
Shark Fin Rays
Fish Maws/isinglass
Pearl Essence
Ambergris
Squalene
Surgical Sutures from Fish Gut Collagen
Hormonal
& Genetic Approach to Fisheries
Introduction
Fish Genetic (Germ Plasm) Resources
Application to Fisheries management
Capture fishery management
Fish Culture Management
Taxonomy
Conclusion
Cryopreservation of Gametes
(Gene Banking)
Cryopreservation technique for sperms :
a flow chart
Thawing for fertilization
Fertilization with cryopreserved sperms
Monosex Culture
Sex Reversal
Sterile Fish
Hybridization
Diploid Hybrid
Triploid (Polyploid) Hybrid
Hybrid Vigour (Favourable Heterosis)
Transgenic Fish
Application
Triploids (Broiler Fish) : Polyploidy
Inbreeding, Cross-breeding and
Selective Breeding
Gold Fish
51. Methods in Fishery Science
Methods of Fish Preservation
Taxonomic Identification
Procedure for identification of new species
for a region or for the literature
Morphometric and other Analysis
of Fish Body
Length of body
Weight of body
Body ratio H/L of fish
Sex Determination
Sexual maturity of the individual
(state of gonads)
Scale reading for age determination
Methods of Measuring Condition of
Fish
Fecundity and Reproduction Analysis
Classification of fishes on the manner of
spawning
Types of eggs :
Estimation of number of eggs
Fecundity or Ovarian egg counts :
Counting of laid eggs :
Immature stage
Mature stage
Co-efficient of maturity
Identification of eggs and larvae
Food and Feeding (Food Habit) Analysis
of Fish
Forage ratio
Qualitative and quantitative Analysis of Stomach
contents
Numerical method
Frequency of occurrence method
Volumetric method
Gravimetric method
Rate of digestion
Direct method
X-ray method
Histological check of stomach wall
Visual check of oral cavity and gill
Food Items
Enzyme activity in digestion (amylase,
lipase etc.)
Food Co-efficient
Index of relative importance
Classification of fish based on feeding habits
Pathological Analysis of Fish
Autopsy
Diseases and parasites
Bio-assays of Water
Toxicity analysis of pollutants
Chemical Analysis of water for the natural
factors
Dissolved Oxygen [Alsterberg (Azide) method]
Free Carbon dioxide
Determination of ammonia-nitrogen
(by Nesslerisation method)
pH
Alkalinity due to Calcium Carbonate : (SBV).
Physical Analysis of water for the natural
factors
Use a Tackson turbidimeter
Use of Sacchi disc
American Geological Survey method
Temperature measurement
Plankton Sampling
Sampling procedure :
52. Problems, Prospects and Recommendations
Problems
Fish farmers
Fish Farmer Development Agencies (FFDA)
Lease
Credit
Subsidy
Marketing
Prospects
Area and Production
Employment and income
Recommendations
Data base
Research
Classification of districts
Seed
Over stocking
Lease
Institutional credit
Co-operatives
Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs)
Significance of Fisheries
FreshWater Culture Fishery
Need for the Study
Objectives
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