NIIR

Contents

  1.	Fish, Fisheries and Ichthyology

Fish

Fisheries

History of Ichthyology

2.	Classification of Fishes

General Characters of Fishes

Major Groups of Living Fishes

Characterization of Living Fish Groups

Class Agnatha (Lampreys and Hagfishes)

Subclass Cyclostomata

Class Chondrichthycs (Sharks, Rays, Skates,

and Chimaeras).

Subclass Elasmobranchii (Sharks, Rays, Skates)

Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras).

Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)

Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lungfishes and Lobefins)

Subclass Actinopterygii (Higher Bony Fishes)

Major groups of Extinct Fishes

Class Cephalaspides (Osteostraci)

Class Pteraspides (Heterostraci)

Class Palaeospondyli (Cycliae)

Class Pterichthyes (Antiarchi)

Class Coccostei (Arthrodira)

Class Acanthodii

Teleostei

Division I. TAENIOPEDIA (Ribbon young)

Division II. ARCHAEOPHYLACES

(Ancient watchmen)

Division III. EUTELEOSTEI (Intensive Teleostei)

3.	Fish Identification

Techniques in fish identification

Morphometric characters

Meristic characters

Descriptive characters

Key to the Identification of Fishes

Fisheries of India

5.	Cold Water Fisheries of India

Trout

Mirror carp

The Tench (Tinca tinca)

Golden carp (Carassius carassius)

Mahseer

Barilius

Labeo

Garra

Glyptothorax pectinopterus

Programme of Fisheries

Development of fish in the Hills of

Uttar Pradesh

Composite culture

New Directions

6.	Crustacean Fisheries

Crab Fishery

Lobster Fishery

7.	Molluscan Fisheries

Shell-fish Fishery

Chank Fisheries

Pearl Fisheries

8.	Physico-Chemical and Biological Conditions of Fishery Water	48-58

Physical and chemical properties

Organisms in fishery water

9.	Paddy Cum Fish Culture

Requisites of a paddy field for fish culture

Some of the fishes used in India for fish

culture in paddy field's are

10.	By-Products of Fishing Industry

Fish Oils

Preparation of body oils of fish

Composition of fish oil

Fish Oil Industry in India

Extraction of liver oil

Liver-oil industry in India

Shark fins

Isinglass (fish-maws)

11.	Chemical Constituents of Fish

Flesh of Fishes contains

Mineral constituents

Carbohydrates

Enzymes

Pigments

Vitamins

Phospholipids

12.	Economic Importance of Fishes

By-products of fishes

Oils

Fish Protein

Fish-meal

Fish glue

Ising glass

Other uses

Shark fins

Fertilizers

Controllers of diseases

Scavengers

As baits

An object of sports and entertainment

Aquarium

13.	Fish in Relation to Human Health

Fish in Relation to Human Health

14.	Fish Aquarium

TANK Selection

Selection of Plants

Selection of Fish

Maintenance of Aquarium

15.	The Diversity of Fishes

Adaptations in fishes

16.	Hill Stream Fishes

Changes in external form and size of fish

Scale covering etc.

Paired fins (skeleton and musculature

connected with them)

Caudal fin and its peduncle

Mouth, jaws and barbels

Eyes

Gill opening etc.

Air-Bladder

Skin and other modifications

Examples of Indian hill stream fishes

Cyprinoids

Siluroids

17.	Plankton and Fish Productivity

Basis of production :

Special adaptations of animals

planktonic life :

The relationship of zooplanktons to the

environment:

18.	Zooplankton

Protozoa

Porifera

Coelenterata

Ctenophora

Nemertinea

Nematoda

Rotifera

Polyzoa

Chaetognatha

Annelida

Mollusca

Crustacea

Echinodermata

Protochordates

Fishes

Amphibians

Characteristic features of zooplankton

as stated before are

Special adaptations of animals to

planktonic existence

19.	Transportation and Marketing

Transport

Ice and Cold Storage

Marketing

Fishing Crafts and Gears

Fishing Vessels

Sea Crafts

West Coast

East Coast

River Crafts

Rafts and dug-outs

Plank-built boats

Large fishing boats

Fishing Gears (Nets)

Inland Fishing Gear

Gear used in estuaries, lagoons and back

waters

Gear used in ponds, jheels, lakes and

reservoirs

Gear used in hill streams

Gear used in rivers

20.	Processing and Preserving

Cleaning, Boning and Filleting Fish

Cleaning

Boning Round Fish

Skinning and Boning Flat Fish

Preparing Eels

Skinning Dogfish and Tope etc.

Preparing Lobsters and Crabs

Boiling

Extracting the Meat

Shrimps and Prawns

Shelling Shrimps and Prawns

Potted Shrimps

Shrimp Waste

Salting Fish

Roll mops

Dried Fish

Bottled or Canned Fish

Freezing

Smoked Fish

Making the Smoke

Equipment

Preparing the Fish

Brining

Smoking

Smoked Mussels

Smoked Eels

21.	Aquaculture - The Concept

Mariculture

Substrate Systems

Seawater Ponds

Cages

Enclosures

Tanks

Aquaculture in Fresh and Brackish Water

Net Cage Husbandry

Dual-Purpose Use of Water and Land

22.	Aquaculture - In Practice

Algae and Seaweeds

Algae

Seaweed

Molluscs

Crustaceans

Marine Fish

Fresh and Brackish Warm Water Fish

The Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Herbivorous Cyprinids

Tilapia spp.

Milk Fish (Chanos chanos)

Mullet (Mugil spp.)

Catfish

EELS (Anguilla spp.)

Other Warm Water Fish

Africa

Heterotis niloticus

Nile Perch (Lates niloticus)

Haplochromis spp., Hemichromis spp.,

Serranochromis spp.

Labeo spp.

Asia

Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)

Labyrinth Fish

South America

Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)

Fish in Colder Waters

Trout

Salmon

23.	Culturable Fish and Shellfish

Culturable fishes

Indian Major Carps

Exotic (Chinese) Carps

Minor Carps

Catfishes (Order : Siluriformes)

Murrels or Snakeheads

(Order : Channiformes)

Tilapia (Order : Perciformes)

Sport fishes (Cold-water fishes)

Trouts (Order : Salmoniformes)

Salmo trutta fario (Brown trout)

Salmo gairdneri gairdneri (Rainbow trout)

Mahseers (Order : Cypriniformes)

Culturable Shellfish

24.	Construction of Fish Farms

Structures of fish ponds

Bunds

Slope

Berm

Construction of pond

Determination of Quantity of Earth for the

Construction of Bund

Bund Formation

Inlet and Outlet

Simple inlet and outlet (monk) made of concrete

and bricks

Types of fish ponds

Nursery Pond

Rearing Pond

Production Pond

Other measures to be considered

during the construction of a fish farm

25.	Management of Fish Farms-

Nursery pond

Eradication of Aquatic Weeds and Predators

Liming and Fertilisation

Stocking

Supplementary Feeding

Harvesting of Fry

Rearing pond

Fertilisation

Stocking

Feeding

Harvesting of Fingerlings

Production pond

Liming and Fertilisation

Stocking

Feeding

Harvesting of Fish

General Considerations

26.	Induced Breeding and Seedfish Production in Carps

Induced breeding in Indian major carps

Collection of Pituitary Glands

Acetone-Drying of Pituitary Glands

Preparation of Pituitary Extract

Selection of Breeders

Injection of Pituitary Extract in Indian Major

Carps

Breeding

Hatching

Induced breeding of Chinese carps

Selection of Breeders

Induced breeding of common carp

Jar Hatchery

27.	Transport of Seedfish and Breeders

Techniques of transport

Traditional Method

Transport in Closed Containers

Basis for estimating quantity of seedfish

as a standard

Transport of breeders

28.	Composite Fish Culture

Feeding

Production

Economics of composite fish culture

Culture of Air-breathing Fishes

Culturable areas

Collection and rearing of murrel seed

Collection and rearing of catfish seed

Stocking of fingerlings of murrel and catfish

Feeding

Growth and production

Harvesting

29.	Culture of Trouts

Characteristic features of trouts

Trout seed resources

Culture practices

Collection of eggs

Incubation of trout eggs

Flat trays and troughs

Incubators

Trout hatching jar

Nursery ponds

Rearing Pond and Raceways

Jar System

Drums

30.	Culture of Ornamental Fishes

Setting up an Aquarium tank

Biological filter and aeration

Importance of Biological Filter

Qualities of Water for Aquarium Tank

Filling Water

Planting

Lighting

Varieties of goldfish

Descriptions of common species of

ornamental fish

Livebearers

Egg Layers

Introduction of fish in an aquarium tank

Feeding

Breeding of ornamental fish

Egg ScattereRs

Breeding Goldfish

Egg Depositors

Bubble-nest Builders

LivebeareRs

Water quality for breeding tanks

Selection and conditioning of fish for

breeding

Nursing the Young

Culture of Giant Fresh-water

Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Characteristic features and distribution of M.

rosenbergii

Life cycle of M. rosenbergii

Collection of spedprawn

Transportation of seedprawn

Management of production ponds

Stocking

Feeding

Growth and Production

31.	Fish Farming with Agriculture and Livestock

Fish farming with agriculture

Rice-fish Culture

Simultaneous culture

Simultaneous Culture Of Fresh-water Prawn

and Rice

Rotational culture of rice and fish

Fish Culture in 'Pokkali' Fields

Banana-fish Culture

Fish farming with livestock

Duck-fish Culture

Chick-fish Culture

Chick-pig-fish Culture

Cattle-fish Culture

32.	Sewage-fed Fish Culture

Quality of sewage

Sewage treatment

Description of oxidation ponds

Sewage-fed fish ponds

Sewage water for other crops

Model plans

Water Recirculation System for Fish Cultrue

Indoor water recirculation system

Outdoor water recirculation system

33.	Culture of Fish Food Organisms

Culture of Diatoms

Sterilisation of glassware

Preparation of medium

Culture in test tubes or Petri dishes

Culture in carboys

Culture in large cylinders

Batch culture

Laboratory culture of zooplankton

Mass culture of zooplankton

Culture of Rotifers and Cladocerans

Culture of Artemia

34.	Fish Diseases and Their Control

Medium for fish diseases

Types of diseases

Parasitic Diseases

Treatment

Disorders by Biotic Factors

Disorders by Abiotic Factors

Acidosis and alkalosis

Miscellaneous diseases

Gas Bubble Disease

Dietary Diseases

35.	The Development of New

 Techniques for Aquaculture

Environment Controlled Warm Water

Aquaculture

Stock Density 

TEMPERATURE

Water Quality

Tanks 

Feeding

Feed Quality

Feed Quantity

Feeding methods

Mechanical Feeders

Breeding

The Biology of Reproduction

Breeding Technology

Breeding And Multiplication

The Ahrensburg Closed-Cycle System

Construction

Clearing Chamber Volume and Flow Rate

Heating

Materials

Operation

Stock Density

Aeration

Water Pumps

Criteria

Function

Slat Water Modification

Tank 1: Tilapia aurea x Tilapia nilotica

Tank 2: Tilapia aurea

36.	Economics of Fish Culture

Production Function

Yield rate and pond area

Input rates

Input-output co-efficients

The interesting input-output co-efficients are :

Input costs

Labour costs

Interest cost

Other costs

Total cost

Relative share of cost component in total cost

Production, Sales and Costs

Income from Fish Farming

37.	Analysis of the Economics of Fish

Culture

Pond Size

Yield and input rates

Costs and returns

Farmer's income

Culture Practice

Yield and input rates

Costs and returns

Farmer's income

Water Availability

Yield and input rates

Costs and returns

Farmer's income

Ownership

Yield and input rates

Costs and returns

Farmer's income

Lease Duration

Yield and input rates

Costs and returns

Farmer's income

Government Intervention

Yield and input rates

Costs and returns

Farmer's income

38.	Fish as a Food Commodity

Introduction

Biochemical Composition of Raw Fish

Nutritional Value of Raw Fish

Nutritional Value of Preserved and Processed

Fish (Fishery Products)

Fish Decomposition

Post-mortem changes and Rigor mortis

Rigor Mortis

Post-rigor decay and spoilage of fish

Enzymatic spoilage

Microbial spoilage

Bacterial flora of fish and bacterial spoilage

Chemical spoilage

Rancidity

Autolysis

Spoilage due to other factors

Spoilage in marine fish

Spoilage of freshwater fish

Fish Preservation

Introduction

Principles of preservation

Methods of preservation

Special problems in fish preservation

Food-poisoning, Intoxications, Allergies etc.

from Fish

Food-poisoning from eating a poisonous fish

species

Food-poisoning of bacterial origin 

Utilization of Fish as Products and

By-products

Fish liver oil

Methods of extraction of fish liver oil from liver

Prototype of fish liver-oil manufacturing plant

Simple model of fish liver-oil extractor for use in

small scale cottage industry

Fish body oil

Fish meal

Others

Fish Silage

Fish manure and guano

Fish Sausage and ham

Fish Glue

Isinglass

Fish leather

Fish Caviar

Fish Macaroni

Fish Biscuits

Insulin

Cooking effect on Nutritional value of fish

39.	Fish Meal

Making Fish Meal at Home

The Separated Liquids

Fish Oil

Stickwater

The Remaining Solids

What Kind of Fish?

40.	Seaweed

Fertilizer

Feed

Food

Carragheen as a Vegetable Gelatine

Soups, Stews and Jams

Some other Carragheen Recipes

Carragheen Blancmange

Carragheen Chocolate Blancmange

Carragheen Jelly

Carragheen Cough Mixture

Sausage Coverings

Laver (Porphyra umbilicalis)

Laverbread

Laver Mutton Sauce

Dulse (Rhodymenia palmata)

Other uses for Seaweed 

41.	Fecundity

The individual fecundity is determined

as follows

42.	A Fish Farm

The situation of the farm

Water supply

Kind of soil

Embankment

Drainage

Overflow spillway

Fish Farm Implements

43.	Aquatic Pollution

Kinds of pollution

Sewage

Industrial waste

Mining waste

Silt from soil erosion

Radioactive pollution

Thermal pollution

How pollutants affect the aquatic

organisms?

Detection and measurement of pollution

Chemical tests

Physical tests

Biological tests

Where pollution is found?

Pollution Control

44.	Development of Indian Fisheries

Bold programme required

Research work needed

State help essential

Problems of fishery research

Fisheries development in Japan

Commercial fisheries of India

Outside India

How to develop Indian fisheries

Inference

45.	Some Traditional Dried 

and Smoke Cured Products

Dried Anchoviella

Traditional Drying

Improved Method of Drying

Anchovy Flakes

Laminated Bombay Duck

Brine-pressed Sardines

Salted Boiled Fish (Pindang)

Processing

Pre-process Handling

Production

Processing Conditions and Quality Changes

during Storage

Effect of Salt Content in Brine on Quality

Biochemical Changes during Storage

Microbial Changes

Dehydrated Squid

Raw Material Quality

Drying of Squid

Beche-de-mer

Traditional Processing (Chinese Method)

Improved Method

Southeast Asian Method

Philippine Method

Uses

Maldive Fish

Masmin

Traditional Process

Improved Method

Dehydrated Jellyfish

Katsuobushi

Seasoned Products (Tsukudani)

46.	Products From Whole Fish

Fishmeal

Dry Reduction

Wet Reduction

Fish Protein Concentrate

Methods of Production

FPC Type B

Texturised FPC

Types of FPC and Recommended Standards

Properties of FPC

Nutritive Value and Consumer Acceptability

Economics of FPC Production

47.	Surimi

Quality

Raw Materials

Preparation of Mince

Loss and Recovery of Proteins

Types of Surimi

Role of Additives

Sugars

Starch

Polyphosphate and Sodium Chloride

Albumen

Fat

Method of Production

Surimi from Fatty Fish

Properties of Surimi

Future of Surimi

Surimi-based Products

Kamaboko

Fish Sausage

Fish Ham

48.	Fermented Fishery Products

Fermentation Processes

Liquid Fermented Products (Sauces)

Factors Controlling Sauce Fermentation

Lipid Content of the Fish and Quality of Sauce

Colour

Flavour

Traditional Methods of Fermentation

Traditional Products

Fish Preserved in Fermented Media

Makassar

Buro

Pekasam

Colombo Curing



Paste Fishery Products

Bagoong (Philippines)

Belacan (Malaysia)

49.	By-products

Shark Fin Rays

Fish Maws/isinglass

Pearl Essence

Ambergris

Squalene

Surgical Sutures from Fish Gut Collagen

Hormonal

& Genetic Approach to Fisheries

Introduction

Fish Genetic (Germ Plasm) Resources

Application to Fisheries management

Capture fishery management

Fish Culture Management

Taxonomy

Conclusion

Cryopreservation of Gametes

(Gene Banking)

Cryopreservation technique for sperms :

a flow chart

Thawing for fertilization

Fertilization with cryopreserved sperms

Monosex Culture

Sex Reversal

Sterile Fish

Hybridization

Diploid Hybrid

Triploid (Polyploid) Hybrid

Hybrid Vigour (Favourable Heterosis)

Transgenic Fish

Application

Triploids (Broiler Fish) : Polyploidy

Inbreeding, Cross-breeding and

Selective Breeding

Gold Fish

51.	Methods in Fishery Science

Methods of Fish Preservation

Taxonomic Identification

Procedure for identification of new species

for a region or for the literature

Morphometric and other Analysis

of Fish Body

Length of body

Weight of body

Body ratio H/L of fish

Sex Determination

Sexual maturity of the individual

(state of gonads)

Scale reading for age determination

Methods of Measuring Condition of

Fish

Fecundity and Reproduction Analysis

Classification of fishes on the manner of

spawning

Types of eggs :

Estimation of number of eggs

Fecundity or Ovarian egg counts :

Counting of laid eggs :

Immature stage

Mature stage

Co-efficient of maturity 

Identification of eggs and larvae

Food and Feeding (Food Habit) Analysis

of Fish

Forage ratio 

Qualitative and quantitative Analysis of Stomach

contents 

Numerical method 

Frequency of occurrence method 

Volumetric method 

Gravimetric method 

Rate of digestion 

Direct method 

X-ray method 

Histological check of stomach wall 

Visual check of oral cavity and gill 

Food Items 

Enzyme activity in digestion (amylase,

lipase etc.) 

Food Co-efficient 

Index of relative importance 

Classification of fish based on feeding habits 

Pathological Analysis of Fish

Autopsy 

Diseases and parasites 

Bio-assays of Water

Toxicity analysis of pollutants 

Chemical Analysis of water for the natural

factors 

Dissolved Oxygen [Alsterberg (Azide) method]

Free Carbon dioxide

Determination of ammonia-nitrogen

(by Nesslerisation method) 

pH 

Alkalinity due to Calcium Carbonate : (SBV).

Physical Analysis of water for the natural

factors 

Use a Tackson turbidimeter 

Use of Sacchi disc 

American Geological Survey method 

Temperature measurement

Plankton Sampling 

Sampling procedure :

52.	Problems, Prospects and Recommendations

Problems

Fish farmers

Fish Farmer Development Agencies (FFDA)

Lease

Credit 

Subsidy 

Marketing 

Prospects 

Area and Production 

Employment and income

Recommendations 

Data base

Research 

Classification of districts

Seed 

Over stocking

Lease

Institutional credit

Co-operatives

Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs)

Significance of Fisheries 

FreshWater Culture Fishery

Need for the Study

Objectives

Sample Chapters