NIIR

Contents

  1. 	Introduction 

2. 	Printing Inks

3. 	Printing Ink Vehicles 

	Vegetable Drying Oils

	Linseed Oil and Linseed Oil Varnishes

	Lithographic Varnish

	China Wood Oil or Tung Oil

	Soya Bean Oil

	Perilla Oil

	Other Vegetable Drying Oils

	The Vegetable Semi-Drying Oils

	Cottonseed Oil

	Rapeseed Oil

	The Vegetable Non-Drying Oils

	Mineral Oils

	Animal Oils

	Terrestrial Animal Oils

	Marine Animal Oils

	Rosin Oils

	Pitch Varnishes

4. 	Pigment in the Printing Inks 

Pigments

Nature

Minerals

Carbonic sources

Botanical

From animals

Black Pigments

Lamp black

Russian black

Coal or gas

Wooden coal

Ivory coal

Bones

Parish black

Lead and graphite

Composition black

White Pigment

White lead

Antimony

Chinese white

Transparent white

Blainfix  white

Yellow Pigments

Chrome yellow

Cadmium yellow

Ochres yellow

Gummy material

Minerals

Red Pigment

Vermillion

Carmine

Lac

Lake pigment

Kothenial lake

Madar

Blue Pigment

Prusian blue

Ultramarine blue

Reflex  blue

Oriental blue

Cobalt blue

Indigo blue

Green Pigment

Emerald green

Chrome green

5. 	Manufacturing of Printing Inks

Storage and Testing of Raw Materials

Mixing operation

Mixing machines

Milling process

Delivery part of the machine

Quality control

Packing and selling

6. 	Typographic Printing Inks 

Job Press Inks

Job Black

Job Press Bright Red

Job Press Green

Automatic Press Inks

Automatic Press Black

Automatic Press Red

Flatbed Cylinder Press Inks

Cylinder Press Black

Cylinder Press Peacock Blue

Rotary Press Inks

Rotary Press Red

Rotary Press Black

Web Press Inks

Web Press News Black

Perfecting Press Red

The Relation of Ink to Stock

Bond and Ledger Paper Inks

Bond Bronze Blue

Bond Black

Coated Paper Inks

Coated Paper Red

Coated Paper Yellow Lake

Super-calendered Paper Inks

Super Paper Red

Super Paper Blue

Parchment Paper Inks

Parchment Black

Parchment Red

Carton Stock Inks

Carton Yellow

Carton Red

Inks for Machine Finished Paper

Machine Finished Red

Machine Finished Blue

Glassine and Cellophane Inks

Glassine Violet

Glassine Green

Halftone Black Inks

High Grade Halftone Black

Publication Halftone Black

Process Inks

Process Transparent Yellow

Process Blue

Process Red

7. 	Planographic Inks 

Lithographic Inks

High Grade Lithographic Black

Lithographic Peacock Blue Ink

Lithographic True Blue

Offset Printing Inks

Offset Red for Lake C

Offset Milori Blue

Offset Tin Printing Inks

Tin Printing Reddish Blue

Tin Printing Medium Yellow

Dry Offset Printing Inks

Dry Offset Red for Lake C

Dry Offset Bronze Blue

Photogelatin Inks

Photogelatin Blue

Photogelatin Black

8. 	Intaglio Printing Inks

Copper Plate Engraving Inks

Copper Plate Black

Copper Plate Blue

Steel Plate Engraving Inks

Steel Plate Black

Toner Blue Ink for Plate Black

Steel Plate Orange

Stamping Inks

Gloss Stamping Red

Dull Stamping Black

Photogravure Inks

Photogravure Picture Black

Photogravure Brown

Rotary Photogravure Inks

Plateless Engraving or Thermographic Inks

Dense Black for Plateless Engraving

True Blue for Plateless Engraving

9. 	Printing Inks and Colour 

Subtractive Theory of Colours

Additive Theory of Colours

Reproduction of Colour By Printing Ink

Classification of Colours

Primary colours

Secondary colours

Tertiary colours	

Examples of tertiary colours

Factors effecting visual appearance of ink film

Influence of colours

Cold colours

Warm colours

Terminology Related to Colour

Contrast

Harmony

Hue

Tint

Shade

Tone

Analogous colours

Complementary colours

Density in colour

Transparent and opaque colours

10. 	Qualities of Offset Inks

Working Qualities

Optical Qualities

Effects After Printing

11. 	Gravure  Printing Inks

Characteristics of Gravure  Inks

Vehicles in the Gravure Inks

Considerations for Purchasing Inks

12. 	Printing Inks for Letterpress 

News ink

Inks for platen and cylinder machines

Moisture-set inks

Important Points

Quick-set inks

Cheque inks

Heat-set inks

Important Points

Metallic inks

Method of mixing metallic powder and varnish

Precautions

Aniline inks

Neo-set Inks

13. 	The Nature of Printing Ink 

The  Three Main Printing Systems

Typographic Method

Lithographic Method

Intaglio Method

General Properties of Letterpress Inks

The Silk Screen Method

The Principle of Offset Printing

Methods of Ink Drying

Relation between the Printing Process, Ink, And Paper

The Principle of Reproducing Photographs by Printing Methods

The Actinic Tanning of Gelatine

Letterpress Half-tone  Plate  Reproduction

The  Principle  of  Photogravure

Half-tone Printing Using Dots Letter Press (or Litho)

Photogravure Printing Using Square Cells

Print  Recognition

Differences in Litho and Offset-Litho Printing

Differences in Typographic Printing

14. 	The Colloidal Nature and Rheology of 

Printing Inks 

Ink Compared to Colloidal Dispersions

Flocculation

Types of Flow

Fluidity

Newtonian Flow

Plasticity

Plastic Flow

Consistency

Thixotropy

Measurement of Thixotropy

Pseudo-plastic Flow

Dilatant  Flow

The  Empirical  Flow  Test

Rheological Specifications of An  Ink

Flow  Requirements  of  Letterpress  Inks

Supply of Ink from the Duct

Behaviour of Ink in the Duct

Distribution of Ink on the Press

Impression

Special Flow Requirements  of  News Inks

Flow Requirements of Offset Inks

Flow Requirements of Copper-plate Inks

Ink Tack

Nature  of  Tack

Measurement of  Ink  Tack

Elasticity and Plastic Flow

Elasticity

Relaxation Time

Fundamental Rheological Properties

15. 	Inorganic Pigments and Extenders 

Nature  of  Pigments

The Oil Adsorption of Pigments

Opaque White Pigments

Transparent White Pigments And Extenders

Barytes And Blanc Fixe

Alumina Hydrate

Gloss White

Whiting or Chalk, Caco3

Mica

Silica, Sio2

Magnesium Carbonate

The Use of Extenders In Printing Inks

Ultramarine

Bronze Blue, Iron Blue, Or Ferrocyanide Blue

Lead Chromes

Orange  Basic Chrome

Chrome Red 

Molybdade Orange and Molybdated Scarlet Chrome

Zinc Chrome on Zinc Yellow

Cadmium Pigments

Red Lead, Pb3o4

Vermilion, Hgs

Brunswick Green And Milori Green

Zinc Chrome  Greens

Guignet’s Green, Chrome Oxide Green

Natural  Iron  Oxide  Pigments

Manufactured Iron Oxide Pigments

Uses of Inorganic Pigments in Printing  Inks

16.	Ink in Relation to Paper 

The Nature of Paper

The  Fundamentals  of  Paper  Making

Conversion of Raw Materials to 'Half Stuff'

Rag  Half  Stuff

Esparto Half Stuff

The Treatment of Wood

Sulphite  Method  For  Chemical  Wood

Caustic Soda Method For Chemical Wood

Soda Sulphate Method For Chemical Wood

Mechanical Wood Treatment

Beating

Hand-made Paper

Machine-made Paper

Methods or Glazing Paper

Special  Finishes

Opacity Improvements

Watermarking

Wove, Laid, and Twin-wire Paper

Storage of Printing Papers

Paper Troubles And Remedies

Fading of Tinted Printings

Fluffing or Dusting

Picking or Plucking

Static Electricity In The  Stock

Types of Printing Paper

The Penetration of Ink Into Paper

Measurement of  The Penetration of Ink into Paper

The Penetration of Slow-drying Inks Into Paper

Drying by Absorption

The Transfer of Letterpress Inks from Forme to Paper

Complete Contact of Paper Surface with Ink Film

Maximum Ink Acceptance Capacity of the Paper

Excess Ink on the Forme

General Requirements of Printing Paper

Printability of Offset Paper

General Requirements of Printing Ink in Relation to Stock

17	The Typographic Process

Stereotypes

Half-tone Engravings in zinc and Copper

Line   Blocks

Printing Machines

The Hand Press

Platen Machines

Vertical Platen Machines

Automatic  Platens

Cylinder Machines

The Vertical Miehle

Miehle Two-revolution Cylinder Machine

Letterpress Rotaries

Machine Design And Make-ready in Relation to Ink

Letterpress, Typographic, or Relief Printing Inks

Factors Involved In Formulating the Ink

Making Platen and Cylinder Inks

Rotary News Inks

Type of News Ink Formulation

Ink Spray or Fly.

Berk’s Heat-set Black News Ink

Flated News Inks

Type of Flatbed News Ink Formulation

Cheap Magazine Inks

Type of Cheap Rotary Magazine Ink

Slow-speed Rotary Magazine Inks

Formulation

Uses

Drying Oil Black Ink

Letterpress Inks Based on Special Varnishes:

Non-reactive Resin in  Drying Oil

Non-reactive Resin in Drying-oil Ink

Letterpress Inks Based on Synthetic Resins

Letterpress Ink Formulations

Thinning and Reducing Platen and Cylinder Inks

Double-tone Letterpress Inks

I.C.I. Double-tone Letterpress Inks

Yellow-black Double-tone Ink

Nitrocellulose Inks

Special Letterpress Inks

Letterpress Ink Worries and Cures

Caking

Collecting Dirt

Colour  Drift or Colour Variation

Colour Fade

Crystallization

Fast  Drying Ink

Ink  Flying or Spraying

Ink Retreat From Fountain Roller

Insufficient Gloss

Mottle

Picking or Plucking

Powdering or Chalking

Repeats or Ghost Duplicates

Set-off or Offset

Show-through

Slur

Trapping

Wipe

18. 	Special Inks 

Ball Pen Inks

Bleachable Inks

Fluorescent Inks

Phosphorescent Pigments

Fluorescent Pigments

Pigment Manufacture

Printing

Silk-screen Fluorescent Printing

Power Press Printing

Invisible or Sympathetic Inks

Heat-sensitive Type

Water-sensitive Type

Chemically-sensitive Type

Metallic Inks

Pigments

Stock

Media

Letterpress Metallic Inks

Gravure Metallic Inks

Silk-screen Ceramic Metallic Inks

Printing Metallic Inks

Pigmentation

Summary

Washable Fabric Inks and Textile Marking Inks

Water-colour Inks

Inks for Special Reuirements

Low Odour Inks

Rub-resistant Inks

19.	Natural Resins, Modified Natural Resins, and Bituminous Materials 	

Nature of Resins

Classification of Resins

Congo  Copal

Manila Copal

Sierra  Leone  Copal

Zanzibar  Copal

Amber

Damar

Rosin or Colophony

Rosin Oil

Polymerized  Rosin

Hydrogenated and Oxidized Rosins

Tall Oil

Shellac 

Sandarac

Mastic

Zein

Modified Natural Resins 

Ester Gum

Lime-hardened Rosin

Bituminous Materials Nature

Asphalts

Bitumens

Pitches

Firnigrals and Iranolins

Uses in Printing Inks

20. 	Aniline, Dye-spirit, or Flexographic Inks

Transparent Aniline Inks

Uses And Advantages

Basic Dyes Suitable for Transparent Aniline Inks

Media

Pigmented Flexographic  Inks

Synthetic Resins For Spirit Inks

Maleics

Pure Phenolics

Unesterified Rosin Modified Cresol-formaldehyde 

  Resins

Unesterified Rosin Modified Phenol-formaldehyde Resins 

Miscellaneous Phenolics

Ketone-aldehyde Base Synthetic Resins

Spirit Type, Flexographic Ink Formulations

Flexouraphic Inks Not Based On Alcohol

Aniline Machines

21. 	Drying Oils, 

The Nature of Drying Oils

The Acids Present In Drying Oils

Properties of Semi-drying Oils

Linseed Oil

Production of Raw Linseed Oil

The Refining of Linseed Oil

Bleaching of Refined Linseed Oils

Comparison of the Properties of Acid 

Boiled Linseed Oil

Blown Linseed Oil

Heat-bodied Linseed Oil Or Stand Oil

Plant For Making Stand Oils

Catalysts For Bodying Linseed Oil

Improved Stand Oils

The  Chemical  Changes in  the  Heat  Bodying 

  of  Linseed  Oil

Tung Oil

Properties of Tung Oil

Dehydrated Castor Oil (D.C.O.)

Castor Oil

Following The Dehydration

D.C.O. Stand Oils

Blown Dehydrated Castor Oil

Perilla Oil

Oiticica Oil

Stillingia  Oil

Soya Bean Oil

Sunflower Oil

Tobaccoseed Oil

The Drying Oil Fatty Acids

Linseed Oil Fatty Acids (L.O.F.A.)

Dehydrated Castor Oil Fatty Acids (D.C.O.F.A.)

Semi-drying Oil Fatty Acids

Further Drying Oils

Improved Drying Oils By Processing

Fundamentally Modified Drying Oils

Vulcanized or Sulphurized Oils

Styrenated Oils

Maleinized Oils

Epoxidation And Hydroxylation Of Drying Oils

The Use Of Drying Ois In Printing Inks

22. 	Printing Ink Driers or Siccatives

Nature of Ink Driers 

General Use of Driers

Paste And Liquid Driers

Theory of the  Promotion of Drying

Methods of Preparation of Liquid Driers

Properties of Liquid Driers

Appearance of The Driers

Standard Specifications

The Use of Driers In Printing Inks

23.	Ink on Surfaces other than Paper

General Principles

Cellophane Printing

Moisture-proof Viscous  Film Printing

Polyethylene or Polythene Film Printing

Printing on Lacquers and Varnished Surfaces

Printing on Rubber

Printing on P.V.C.

Printing on Metal and Metal Foil 

Printers’ Use For Roller Coating

Roller Coatings

Cold-set Inks

24.	Solvents, Diluents, and Plasticizers

General Properties of  Solvents

Boiling Range

Flash Point

Evaporation  Rate

Solvent Retention

Solvent  Balance

Viscosity Changes During Drying

Solvent Power

Undesirable  Solvent  Properties Instability

Bad Odour

Bad  Colour

Impurities 

Toxicity

Petroleum Alkanes

Natural Petroleum

Petroleum Ether

S.B.P. Spirit

Petroleum Spirit, Ligroin Or Gasoline

White Spirit (W/S)

Mineral Oils

Coal-tar  Hydrocarbons

Benzene C6h6

Toluene, C6H5CH3, Methyl Benzene

Solvent  Naphthas

Light Naphtha

Heavy Naphtha or Aromatic  White  Spirit (A.W.S.)

Terpene Solvents

Turpentine

Oxidized Turpentine

Dipentene, C10H16

Pine Oils

Hydrogenated Naphthalene Solvents

Decalin, C10H18

Tetralin C10H12

Alcohol Solvents

Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol, CH3CH2OH

Isopropanol

Butanol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (M.I.B.C.)

Diacetone Alcohol Or Dical

Benzyl Alcohol C6H5CH2OH

Glycol Solvents

Ethylene Glycol HO.CH2CH2OH  (E.g.)

Diethylene Glycol HO.CH2CH2O.CH2CH2OH. (D.E.G.)

Propylene Glycol Ch3.CHOH. CH2OH (P.G.)

Dipropylene Glycol HO. (CH2)3.O. (CH2)3OH (D.P.G.)

Hexylene Glycol, 2 Methyl, (2, 4) Pentanediol (H.G.)

Ethers

Di-ethyl Ether, C2H5.O. C2H5

The Ether Alcohols or Cellosolves

Methyl Cellosolve / CH3.O.(CH2)2.OH

Cellosolve, Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether

Butyl Cellosolve CH3.(CR2)3.O.(CHZ)2OH

The Carbitols

Carbitol

Methyl Carbitol

Ketones

Acetone

Methyl Ethyl Ketone (M.E.K.) CH3.CO. C2H5

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (M.i.b.k.)

Isophorone, C9H14O

Sextone B, Methyl Cyclohexanone

Acetonyl Acetone, 2.5 Hexanediol

Furfural

Ester Solvents

Butyl Acetate. C4h9.coo.ch3

Butyl Lactate C4H9COO.CHOH.CH3

Plasticizers

Di-butyl Phthalate (D.B.P.)

Tri-phenyl Phosphate (T.P.P.)

Tri-cresyl Phosphate (T.C.P.)

Triacetin

Ethyl Abietate

Solvents From Petroleum

25. 	Printing Ink Carbon Blacks

Carbon Black 

Manufacture of Impingement Channel Blacks

Furnace  Combustion Blacks

Furnace Thermal Decomposition Blacks

Lamp Black

Charcoal Black

Bone Black

Mineral Black

Graphite

Cabot Nigrometer Scale

26. 	Waxes

Nature of Waxes

Mineral Waxes

Paraffin Wax

Microcrystalline  Wax

Petroleum Jelly

Ozokerite

Montan Wax

Vegetable Waxes

Carnauba Wax

Candelilla Wax

Animal Waxes

Beeswax

Wool Wax or Lanolin

Tallow

Synthetic Waxes

Carbowaxes

Condensation Waxes or Glycol Ester Waxes

Acrawax

Chlorinated Naphthalenes

Polyethylene Waxes

Polyamide Waxes

Other Waxes

Uses of Waxes in Printing Inks

27. 	Selection of Media and Pigments for Printing

Suitability of a Resin for Letterpress and 

  Planographic Inks

Suitability of a Resin for Gravure Inks

Common Film Defects

Blooming or Blushing

Bubbling

Chalking

Checking

Cissing

Cracking or Flaking

Orange Peel

Pin-holding or Pitting

Wrinkling or Shrivelling

Webbing

Selection  of  Pigments

Comparison of Bronze, Ultramarine, and Monastral Blues 

Nature of the  Pigments

Masstone

Reduced Tones

Density and Oil Adsorption

Ease of Grinding

Resistance to Soap, Fats, Solvents, Water and Oils

Stability to Chemicals

Stability to Heat

Stability to Light

Pigmentation  Limit

Length and Rheological Properties

Expense

Special Faults

Recommendations

Comparison of Chrome, Hansa, and Benzidine Yellows

Nature of Pigments

Specific Gravity, Opacity, Oil Adsorption and Brilliancy

Grinding and Rheological Properties

Stability to Heat and Light

Stability to Acids and Alkalis

Resistance to Fat, Soap, Wax, Oil, Alcohol, and Water

Special Advantages and Defects

Four-colour Process Pigments

Madder Lake  Scale  Test

28. 	Surface-Active Agents, Anti-oxidants, And 

Adhesives

Surface-active Agents

Properties

Mode of Action

Evidence of Action

Types of Surface-active Agents

Lecithin

Uses in Printing Inks

Anti-oxidants

Guaiacol

Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime

Adhesives

Gum Arabic

Starch

Dextrin

29.	Analysis and Calculation

Detection of Driers in Varnishes

Identification of White Pigments

Examination of Ash for Inorganic Pigments

Ink Analysis

Method

Ink Technology Calculations

30. 	Principles of Ink Formulation

Colour Matching

Grinding

Consistency

Drying Times

Length of Ink

Printed Appearance

Machine Performance

Fading

Special Requirements

31.	The Intaglio Process

Copper Plate Engraving

Mezzotinting

Principles of Photogravure

Preparing the Photogravure Copper Sleeve

Rotogravure Machines

Offset Gravure

Die Stamping

Hand Die-stamping Machines

Counter-sunk Dies

Power Press Die Stamping

Intaglio Inks 

Types of Media for Copper-plate Inks

Principles and Characteristics of Steel-plate 

Photogravure Inks

Rotary Photogravure (Rotogravure)

Rotogravure Ink Characteristics

Simple Examples of Gravuxe Inks

Synthetic Resins for Gravure

Gravure Printing on Foil and Plastic Sheeting

Special Gravure Inks

Howard’s Gravure Formulations

Die-stamping Inks

Characteristics of Die-stamping Inks

Die-stamping Media

Letterpress Imitation Die-stamping

Gravure Ink Worries and Cures

Hard and Porous Prints 

Pearling

Poor Highlights

Poor Neutral Greys

Static Electricity in the Paper

Sticking When Re-reeling the Wed

Weak or Patchy Reproduction

32.	The Lithographic Process

Branches of Lithographic Reproduction

Senefelder’s Lithographic Stone

Modern Lithographic Plates

Photolithography

Bimetallic Plates

Trimetallic Plates

Offset Lithography

Pantone Dry Lithography

Collotype Direct Lithography

Direct Lithographic and Offset Machines

Principle of Offset Rotary Machines

Xerographic Printing

The  Lithographic Process

Principle  of  Lithography

Essential Properties of Lithographic Inks

The Importance of Correct Ink-water Balance

Offset  Ink Formulation

Conventional Direct Litho and Offset Inks

Defective  Offset  Media

Anomalous Lithographic Drying

Dry-offset Inks

Bronze Preparations

Tin Printing Offset Inks

Lithographic Ink Worries and Cures

Drying Too Fast

Embossing the Blanket

Fluffing

Greasing

Image  Detail Disappears

Image  Thickens

Ink Retreating  from Fountain Roller

Piling

Rollers Stripping

Scumming

Spotty Ink Drying

Tinting

Worries Due  to Using Etch

33.	Directory Section

Sample Chapters