Lubricants, greases and petrochemicals are most versatile on the Industrial Plateau now a day. The significance of Lubricants, Greases and specialty products in the day to day functioning of nearly every machine part, instrument, appliance & device cannot be over emphasized lubricants reduce friction & wear between rubbing parts, thereby enhancing their life. A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. The broad types of lubricating oils are as under; crankcase oils, gear oils, metal working oils, metal drawing oils, spindle and other textile oils, steam turbine oils. Synthetic lubricants have a higher viscosity index, but are less stable to oxidation. They are suitable for high temperature applications. In the modern industrial year, greases have been increasingly employed to cope with a variety of difficult lubrication problems, particularly those where the liquid lubricant is not feasible. Greases are essentially solid or semi solid lubricants consisting of gelling or thickening agent in a liquid lubricant. Greases and lubricants are one of the important products derived from crude petroleum. Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons (a hydrocarbon is a compound made up of carbon and hydrogen) with the addition of certain other substances, primarily sulphur. Petroleum in its natural form when first collected is usually named crude oil, and can be clear, green or black and may be either thin like gasoline or thick like tar. The principal product of petroleum refining are motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, kerosene, jet fuels, diesel fuels, lubricating oils and fuel oils. Considerable quantities of petroleum wax, bitumen, liquid petroleum gases (LPG), industrial naphtha and coke are also produced. Petrochemicals are chemicals made from petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules, which are comprised of one or more carbon atoms, to which hydrogen atoms are attached. The Indian lubricants industry claims to be the sixth largest in the world. The petrochemical industry in India has been one of the fastest growing industries in the country. This industry also has immense importance in the growth of economy of the country and the growth and development of manufacturing industry as well.
Some of the fundamentals of the book are types of lubricating oils, crankcase oils, gear oils, metal working oils, metal drawing oils, spindle and other textile oils, steam turbine oils, synthetic lubricants, formulations and com pounding of lubricants, additives for straight mineral oil gear lubricants, raw materials for lubricants, equipments for lubricants manufacture, reclamation of used lubricating oil, nature of contaminants in used lubricating oil, gravity methods of purification, metal forming and deforming lubricant, cutting oils, heat treatment oils, greases, sodium soap greases, lithium soap greases, aluminium soap greases, mixed soap greases, complex soap greases etc.
The objective of this book is to furnish comprehensive information about nearly all prominent types of lubricants, greases and petrochemicals. This book covers formulae, processes of various petroleum items. This book is an invaluable resource for entrepreneurs, existing units, professionals, institutions etc.
1. TYPES OF LUBRICATING OILS
Crankcase Oils
Gear Oils
Metal Working Oils
Metal Drawing Oils
Spindle and Other Textile Oils
Steam Turbine Oils
Synthetic Lubricants
Miscellaneous Oils
Fatty Oils
Residual and Petrolatums as Lubricants
Asphalt Residual as Lubricants
Application of Asphalt Residual as Lubricants
Petrolatums as Lubricants
Paraffin Wax as Lubricant
Resinous Materials as Lubricants
Solid Lubricants
Thickeners
Carbohydrates and Proteins as Thickeners
Polymers as Thickening Agents
Acetylene Black as a Thickener
Petroleum Lubricants
Bolt Lubricants
Cryogenic Bearing Lubricants
Lubricants for Missile Systems
Lubrication with Glass
2. FORMULATIONS AND COM-POUNDING OF LUBRICANTS
Additives for straight Mineral Oil gear Lubricants
Formulation of Open or Exposed Lubricants
Formulation of mild type E.P. Lubricants
Aircraft Lubricant
Miscellaneous Formulation
3. RAW MATERIALS FOR LUBRICANTS
Test for good fatty acid
Preformed Soaps
Advantages and the Use of Preformed Soaps
Lubricating Oil
Gravity of Lubricating Oil
Pour Point of Oil
Dyes for Colour
Perfume
Filler
Synthetic Lubricants
4. EQUIPMENTS FOR LUBRICANTS MANUFACTURE
Equipments
Handling Packaged Raw Material
Equipment for Saponification
Equipment for Dispersion of Thickening Agents
Manufacture of Lubricating Oils
Milling Equipment
5. RECLAMATION OF USED LUBRICATING OIL
Nature of Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil
Gravity Methods of Purification
Filteration
Regenerating Process of Used Lube Oil
Contaminants present in Used Lube Oil
Principles of Used Lube Oil
Existing Process for Regeneration of Used Lubricating Oils
Lubricant Recycling
Reprocessing
Reclamation
6. ADDITIVES FOR LUBRICANTS
Antioxidants, Rust & Corrosion Inhibitors
Extreme Pressure Additives Antiwear Agents
Foam Inhibitors
Viscosity Index Improvers
Detergents and Dispersants
Pour Point Depressants
Antiknock Agents
Antiscrackers Agents
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBRICATNG OILS
Viscosity Index of Lubricating Oils
Vapour Pressure
Gravity of Lab Oil
Thermal Properties
Electrical Properties
Properties under High Pressure
Surface Properties
Carbon Residue
Colour of Tube Oils
Neutralisation No
Saponification No of Petroleum Products
Aniline Point of Petroleum Products
Ash content of Petroleum Oils
Precipitation No of Lube Oils
8. CUTTING OILS
Metal Forming and Deforming Lubricant
Cutting Oils
Heat Treatment Oils
Industrial Applications
Types of Cutting Oils
E.P. Additives or Anti Weld
Future Trend of Cutting Oil
Formulations of cutting oils
Hydrogenation Process in Lube Oil Production
Choice of Catalyst
9. GREASES
Solid Lubricants
Semi Solid Lubricants
Solid Lubricants
Greaves Lubricants
Type of Greases
Calcium Soap
Sodium Soap Greases
Lithium Soap Greases
Aluminium Soap Greases
Mixed Soap Greases
Complex Soap Greases
Non-Soap Greases
Properties of Greases
Grease Applications
Market Position
Fillers
Carbon Black
Asbestos
Mica
Vermiculite
Talc
Various clay or silicate
Metal Powder
Metal Oxide
Manufacturing Process for Grease
Industrial Grease
Manufacturing Process of Greases in General
Fire Hazards in the Manufacture
Processing of aluminium base lubricants and greases
Production of another Barium Base Lubricating Grease
Preparation of Lead Soaps
Preparation of Lead Base Lube Greases
10. FORMULATION OF GREASES
Mixed Base Lubricating Greases
Colouring Lubricating Oils
Refining of Lube Oil
Purification of Lube Oil
Reclaiming Used Lube Oil
Non-Bleeding Grease
11. LUBRICANTS AND THEIR MANUFACTURE
Composition of Mineral Oil
Refining
Blending
Synthetic Hydrocarbon
Synthetic Non hydrocarbons
Polyalkylene Glycols
12. VARIOUS FORMULATIONS OF LUBRICANTS AND
GREASES
Textile Lubricant for Spinning Jute, etc.
Application of Lead Base Lubricating Greases
Preparation of Lube Grease from Normal Strontium Soap
Mixture Base Strontium Soap Lubricating Greases
Complex Soap Lubricating Greases
Importance of Soap Salt complexes and their characteristics
13. ANALYSIS OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LUBRICATING
GREASES AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Lubricating Greases
Analysis
Tests for Melting or Liquefaction
14. REFINING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Chemical Refining
Physical Refining
Solvent Extraction Processes
Dewaxing
Propane Dewaxing
Benzol-Acetone Dewaxing
Benzol Sulphur Dioxide Dewaxing
15. MANUFACTURE OF ASPHALTIC BITUMEN
Steam-Refined Asphaltic Bitumen
Blown Asphaltic Bitumen
Pitch-Type Asphaltic Bitumen
16. CHEMICALS FROM PETROLEUM
Feedstocks
Chemicalsfrom saturated hydrocarbons
Chemicals from Olefins
Oxidation of Olefins
Chlorination of Ethylene
Chlorination of Olefins
Chlorination of Propylene
Chlorination of Butenes
Chlorhydrination of Olefins
Hydrochlorination of Olefins
Sulphonation of Olefins
Oxo Process
Ketones and their derivatives
Aldehydes and their derivatives
Acids and their derivatives
Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride
Olefin oxides and their derivatives
Aromatics
Naphthenes and Naphthenic Acids
Carbon Monoxide-hydrogen system
Inorganic Compounds
17. NATURAL AND CRACKED GASES
General Properties
Natural Gas
Refinery gas
Liquefied petroleum gas
18. PETROLEUM WAXES
Nature of the petroleum waxes
Composition of the petroleum waxes
Production of waxes
The properties of petroleum waxes
Paraffin Waxes
Microcrystalline waxes
Solid state transitions in paraffin waxes
The effect of crystallinely modifying agents of the
properties of paraffin wax
Utilization of petroleum waxes
19. BITUMEN
Emulsions and cutbacks
Rheological Properties
Wetting and adhesive properties
Application
Industrial applications
20. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
L.P.G. (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
Synthesis Gas
Motor Gasoline
Aviation Gasoline
Kerosene
Jet Fuels
Diesel Fuels
Industrial Naphthas
Heating Oils and Residual Fuel Oils
Light, Medium and Heavy Fuel Oils
Petroleum Waxes
Micro Crystalline Wax from slack wax
Petroleum Jelly
Bitumen
Petroleum Coke
Carbon Black
21. ABS RESIN
Uses and Applications
Manufacturing Process
22. ACETALDEHYDE
23. ACETIC ACID
24. ACETONE
25. ACRYLAMIDE MONOMER
26. ACRYLONITRILE
27. BENZALDEHYDE
28. ADIPIC ACID
29. BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE (B.H.C.)
30. BENZOIC ACID
31. BENZYL CHLORIDE
32. BISPHENOL -A
33. BUTADIENE
34. DIETHYL TOLUAMIDE
35. DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE
36. ETHYL ACETATE
37. ETHYLENE OXIDE
38. FORMALDEHYDE
39. FORMIC ACID
40. FUMARIC ACID
41. ISO PROPYL ALCOHOL
42. METHYL AMINES
43. NITROBENZENE
44. PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
45. POLY CARBONATES
46. POLYOLS
47. POLYURETHANE FOAM
48. VINYL CHLORIDE
49. STRUCTURE OF PETROLEUM
Molecular Species in Petroleum
Volatile Fractions
Nonvolatile Constituents
Resin Constituents
Composition
Structure
Molecular Weight
50. SCOPE AND LIMITS OF LUBRICANT TESTING
Fresh oil testing of industrial oils
Fresh oil testing of engine oils
51. LUBRICANT STORAGE
Lubricant life
52. COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF LUBRICANTS
Low-Temperature Stability
Hot-Temperature Stability
53. REFINERY WASTES
Process Wastes
Desalting
Distillation
Thermal Cracking
Coking Processes
Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Hydro cracking and Hydro treating
Catalytic Reforming
Alkylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
Deasphalting
Dewaxing
Gas Processing
54. TYPES OF WASTE
Gases and Lower Boiling Constituents
Higher Boiling Constituents
Waste Water
Spent Caustic
Solid Waste
55. WASTE TOXICITY
56. MANAGEMENT OF REFINERY WASTE
57. PLANT & MACHINERY PHOTOGRAPHS
^ Top
