Solvents are defined as chemicals compound that are introduced during manufacture of the paint itself and before packaging, in order to maintain all components of the paint in a liquid / viscous state such as we know it. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid or a gas. Solvents find various applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, and gas industries, including in chemical syntheses and purification processes.
Thinners are defined as chemical compounds that are introduced into the paint prior to application, in order to modify the viscosity and other properties related to the rate of curing that may affect the functionality and aesthetics of the final layer painting.Paint thinner, a solvent used in painting and decorating, for thinning oil-based paint and cleaning brushes. A Thinner may be a single solvent or a combination of solvent types. Often, specific thinners are required by the manufacturer of a coating to prevent damage to coating properties that may occur when an inappropriate thinner is used.
Solvents (for cleaning up or softening) and Thinners (for diluting or extending) are useful not only in painting but in other areas such as Wooden Furniture industry, Automobile industry, Ink industry, Rubber industry.
As the paint industry is a major consumer of Thinners & Solvents, and is expanding at a tremendous speed, it is very obvious that the demand of thinners, too, will increase tremendously. The paints & coatings accounts for the largest share in the aliphatic hydrocarbon Thinners & Solvents market. It is also projected to be the fastest-growing application of the aliphatic hydrocarbon Thinners and Solvents market.
The book contains Properties, Uses, manufacturing of Thinners & Solventsand providing information regarding thinner formulation. It also covers raw material suppliers, photographs of plant & Machinery with supplier’s contact details. Some of the fundamentals of the book are thinner in Paint Industry, Health and Safety Measures of Chemicals, Pollution Control, Waste Disposal of Hazardous Chemicals and Storage, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals etc.
It will be a standard reference book for professionals and entrepreneurs. Those who are interested in this field can find the complete information from manufacture to final uses of Solvents and Thinners. It will be very helpful to consultants, new entrepreneurs, technocrats, research scholars, libraries and existing units.
Table of Contents
1. SOLVENTS
Classification of Solvents
Boiling Points
Rates of Evaporation
Polarity
Industrial Applications
Use
Chemical Composition
I. Organic Solvents
II. Inorganic Solvents
Chemical Structure
Behavior Toward Magdala Red
2. APPLICATION OF SOLVENTS
3. PROPERTIES OF SOLVENTS
Introduction
Molecular Weight
Boiling Point
Freezing Point
Density
Liquid Expansion Coefficient
Surface Tension and Absolute Viscosity
Flash Point and Explosive Limits
Autoignition Temperature
Electrical Conductivity
Immediate Danger to Life and Health
4. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATION
FireExplosive Peroxide Formation
Health Effects
Ways Solvents Can Enter Your Body
Absorption
Swallowing
What Are the Warning Signs?
Acute Poisoning
What to Do
Chronic Poisoning After Years of Repeated
Exposures, the Typical Later Effects are
What to Do
How Solvents Affect the Skin
What to Do
How Much Exposure is Bad for You?
Environmental Contamination
Duties of Employers and Employees
Material Safety Data
Training
5. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SOLVENT
6. USES OF SOLVENT IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
Adhesives and Sealants
Common Use of Adhesive in Various Industry
Sealants
Common Use of Sealants in Various Industry
Aerospace
Acetone
Alcohol
Benzene
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)
Methylene Chloride
Toluene
Turpentine
Mineral Spirits
Naphtha
Linseed OilAsphalt Compounding
Biotechnology
Biotransformation Using Solvent-Tolerant
Microorganisms
Solvent-Resistant Microorganisms
Process of Solvent Toxicity for Microorganisms
Choice of Solvent for Enzymatic Reaction in
Organic Solvent
Low Water Systems
Classification of Organic Solvents
(1) Water-Miscible Organic Solvents
(2) Water-Immiscible Organic Solvents
(3) Water-Insoluble Organic Solvents
Classification of Solvents Commonly Used for
Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media
Properties of Enzymes Affected by Organic
Solvents
Thermal Stability (Half-Life), t1/2
Specificity and Selectivity, Kcat/Km
Coil Coating
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products
Electronic Industry
Cleaning in Electronics Manufacturing
Factors Affecting Cleaning
Dry Cleaning
Drycleaning Solvents
Petroleum Drycleaning Solvents
Dry Cleaning Processes
Solvent Storage Tanks
Detergents
Process of Cleaning
Textile Finishing
Waterproofing
Milling
Antistatic Finishing
Fabricated Metal Products
Machining OperationsMetal Parts Cleaning and Stripping
Solvent Cleaning
Aqueous (Alkaline and Acid) Cleaning and
Stripping
Abrasive Cleaning and Stripping
Water Cleaning
Waste Streams
Food Industry
Mechanical Extraction
Solvent Extraction
The Solvent Extraction Process
Flow diagram of Oilseed Extraction Process
Review of Solvents Studied for Extraction
Efficiency
Iron Steel Industry
List of Solvents Releases from the Iron and Steel
Industry
Uses of Solvent in Ship Industry
Cleaning Operations Using Organic Solvents
Pulp and Paper
Printing Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
7. ACETONE
Uses
Older Production Methods
Uses of Acetone
Uses of Acetone in Cosmetics
Uses of Acetone in Laboratory
Uses of Acetone in Electronics
Uses of Acetone in Domestic Purpose
Acetone Manufacturing Process
Production
Wacket-Hechst Direct Oxidation of Propene
Co-production in Hock Phenol Process
8. CITRUS TERPENES
Properties of TerpenoidsCitrus Terpenes for Cleaning
d-Limonene
Manufacturing Process
9. ETHYL ACETATE
Production
Formula and Structure
Applications
Technical Overview
Production of Ethyl Acetate
10. INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL
Introduction
Manufacture
1. Bymalt Fermentation
Manufacture Process
11. TETRACHLORETHYLENE
Manufacturing Process
Chlorination of Ethylene Dichloride
Physical and Chemical Properties
Structural and Molecular Formulae and Relative
Molecular Mass
12. TOLUENE (METHYL BENZENE)
Structure and Formula
Various Manufacturing Process of Toluene
Alternate Catalytic Reforming Processes
Physical and Chemical Properties of Toluene
13. TURPENTINE
Extraction of Turpentine from the Wood Chips
Uses
1. Increases Efficacy of Paints and Varnish
2. Cleaning Agent
3. Stain Remover
4. Healthier Choice of a Solvent
5. Works Well as a Furniture Polish6. Eco-Friendly
The Turpentine Value Chain
14. SOLVENT RECYCLING, REMOVAL AND DEGRADATION
Introduction
Process Description and Emissions
General Processes in Solvent Recycling Operations
Solvent Recycling Operations
Solvent Storage
Solvent Handling
Initial Treatment
Typical Fixed-Bed Activated Carbon Solvent
Recycling System
Distillation and Purification
Distillation Process for Solvent Recycling
Spills
Equipment Leaks
Emission Estimation Techniques: Acceptable
Reliability and Uncertainty
Direct Measurement
Mass Balance
Engineering Calculations
Emission Factors
15. SOLVENTS MARKET
Industrial Solvent Market
Green Solvent and Bio-Solvents Market
16. THINNERS
Introduction
Uses of Thinners
Types of Thinner Used in industries
Types of Thinner Based on the Paint with which it is Mixed
17. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Thinner Formulation
18. FORMULATION OF THINNERS
Epoxy Thinner
Composition of Ingredients
Handling and Storage
Physical and Chemical Properties
Paint Thinner
Composition of Thinner
Handling and Storage
Precautions to Be Taken in Handling
Precautions to be Taken in Storing
Physical and Chemical Properties
Acrylic Thinner
Composition/Information on Ingredients
Handling and Storage
Physical and Chemical Properties
Varnish Thinner
Composition/Information on Ingredients
Handling and Storage
Handling Precautions
Incompatible Materials
Storage Conditions
Physical and Chemical Properties
19. THINNER IN PAINT INDUSTRY
Odorless Paint Thinner
Requirements of the Thinners
Functions of the Thinners
Properties of Paint Thinner
Solvents Used as Paint Thinners Include
Other Solvents Sometimes Used in the Production of Paint Thinners Include
20. HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES OF
CHEMICALS
Health Hazards
Solvents – Thinners
How to Control Health Hazards Environmental Control
Use Appropriate Personal Protection
Respirators
Eye and Hearing Protection
Protective Clothing
Handling and Storage
Accidental Release Measures
Precautions
Spill or Leak
Do Not Get Water Inside Containers
Fire and Explosion Hazards
Things to Do and Not to do Before Mixing Thinner in Paint
Material Safety Data Sheet
What is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?
What is the Purpose of an MSDS?
What information is on the MSDS?
Reactivity Data
Why is an MSDS Hard to Read?
When Would We Use an MSDS?
Hazard Communication Standard
Solvents
21. POLLUTION CONTROL
Environmental Concerns
Pollution Caused by Thinner
Major Emissions
Impacts on Human Health and Environment
What is Pollution Prevention?
Methods for Reducing the Pollution
22. WASTE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND STORAGE
General Requirements for Storage of Chemicals
Prohibited and Restricted Hazardous Chemicals
Exposure Standards
Identifying Hazards Hazardous Chemicals Generated or Manufactured in the Workplace
Segregate Incompatibles
Segregate Families
Flammable Liquid Storage
Classifications of Flammable and Combustible
Liquids
Flammable Liquids
Combustible Liquids
Corrosive Storage
Transporting Chemicals
Hazardous Waste Disposal
General Requirements for Waste Disposal
Standard of Containers
Containers to be Resistant to the Contents
Containers should be in Good Condition
Containers to be Securely Closed
No Mixing of Incompatible Wastes in a Container
Sufficient Air Space in Containers When Storing
Liquid Wastes
Disposal of Paint Related Materials
Hazardous Waste Minimization
Process Level Impacts
23. B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS OF SOLVENTS AND THINNERS
Solvents
Thinner
24. LABELLING AND PACKAGING OF CHEMICALS
Introduction
General Requirements of Labelling and Packaging in Accordance with the Chemical Labelling &
Packaging (CLP) Regulation
General Labelling Rules
Elements of the CLP Hazard Label
CLP Labelling Requirements Versus Discretion of the Supplier Classification of Hazardous Substance/Mixtures
Updating the Hazard Label
Labelling of Workplace Chemicals
Hazard Labels for Supply and Transport Outer and
Inner Packaging Classified for Supply but not for Transport
Outer and Inner Packaging Classified for Both
Transport and Supply
Single Packaging Classified Under Both Supply and Transport
CLP Rules on Packaging of Substances and
Mixtures
Child-Resistant Fastening and Tactile Warnings of
Danger
Child-Resistant Fastening (CRF)
Tactile Warning of Danger (TWD)
Hazard Pictograms
Shape, Colour and Dimensions
Precedence Rules
Blank Pictograms
Signal Words
Hazard Statements
Precautionary Statements
Codes for Hazard and Precautionary Statements
Code Ranges of Hazard and Precautionary
Statements Under CLP
Guidance on Particular Aspects of CLP Hazard
Labelling
Further Aspects to Consider for the CLP Hazard
Label
Size of the Label and of the Label Elements
Minimum Dimensions of Labels and Pictograms Under CLP
25. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
26. SAMPLE PLANT LAYOUT
27. PHOTOGRAPHS OF MACHINERY WITH SUPPLIER’S CONTACT DETAILS
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