Handbook on Manufacture of Acetophenone, Alcohols, Alletrhin, Anthracene, Barium Potassium Chromate Pigment, Calcium Cyanamide, Carboxymethylcellulose, Carotene, Chlorophyll, Chemicals from Acetaldehyde, Fats, Milk, Oranges, Wood, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes, Fine Chemicals, Formaldehyde, Granulated Fertilizers, Granulated Triple Superphosphate and Hydroquinone
Industrial chemicals are essential components of modern societies because they contribute in numerous ways to establish and/or preserve an elevated standard of living in countries at all stages of development. Chemicals play an important part in different fields such as healthcare, food production and telecommunications. Under certain conditions, the large scale production and use of certain chemicals may result in the degradation of our environment and adverse impact to human health and wildlife.
Acetophenone is the simplest aromatic ketone organic compound and it has a sweet taste and smell that resembles that of oranges. It is used for various purposes in the industry. Acetophenone is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent taste. Alcohols are one of the most important molecules in organic chemistry. They can be prepared from many different types of compounds, and they can be converted into many different types of compounds. The allethrins are a pair of related synthetic compounds used in insecticides. They are synthetic pyrethroids, a synthetic form of a chemical found naturally in the chrysanthemum flower. Acetaldehyde is a key raw material in the production of a wide range of chemical products such as paint binders in alkyd paints and as a plasticizer for plastics. Acetaldehyde is also used a base in the manufacture of acetic acid, another platform chemical with many applications. Acetaldehyde is also used as an aromatic agent and is found naturally in fruits and fruit juices.
Formaldehyde, also known as methanal, is a colorless and flammable gas that has a pungent smell and is soluble in water. Formaldehyde is used in Circuit Board Manufacture, Laboratory Chemicals, Paper Coatings, Photochemicals, Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing and Rubber Manufacture. Hydroquinone is a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. Hydroquinone is mainly used in photosensitive materials, rubber, dyes, pharmaceutical industry.
The Indian chemical industry is an integral component of Indian economy, contributing around 6.7 per cent of the Indian GDP. With Asia’s growing contribution to the global chemical industry, India emerges as one of the focus destinations for chemical companies worldwide.
This book will be a mile stone for its readers who are new to this sector, will also find useful for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area.
1. Acetophenone
Compound Is Used Extensively In The Preparation
Of Perfumes
Three Parts Of Molecule May Be Involved In
Chemical Reactions
Carbide's Acetophenone Is Intermediate In
Continuous Styrene Process
Oxidation Step Yields Mixture Of Acetophenone
And Phenylmethylcarbinol
Caustic Neutralizes About 98% Of Acid Formed During
Oxidation
Ethylbenzene Is Recycled; Acetophenone And Phenylmethylcarbinol Mixture Is Refined
Purification Includes Dehydrogenation And Further
Distillation
Freezing Point Determinations Are Important In Process
Control
Adequate Provision Are Made To Ensure Safety Of
Workers
2. Alcohols By Sodium Reduction
High Pressure Process
Sodium Reduction Process
Description Of Process
Chemical Control
Instrumentation And Control
Safety Provisions
Hot Oil-Circulating System
Materials Of Construction
3. Alletrhin
Efforts Made To Develop Synthetic Insecticide Having Same Desirable Properties In Pyrethrum
Allethrin, An Oily Liquid, Consists Of A Mixture Of Eight Optically Active Isomers
First Series Of Chemical Reactions Involves Synthesis Of Allethrolone
Atmospheric Distillation Employed In Purification Of Crude Allyl Acetone
Ethyl-3-Oxo-6-Heptenoate Is Saponified At Room Temperature With Potassium Hydroxide
Vacuum Operation Minimizes The Thermal Breakdown Of Allethrolone
Preparation Of Chrysanthemum Acid Chloride Is Second Major Phase Of Allethrin Synthesis
Nickel Catalyst Aids Hydrogenation Of The 2,5-Dimethylhexyne-2,5-Diol
Ethyl Glycine Hydrochloride Is An Intermediate In The Preparation Of The Ethyl Diazoacetate
Aqueous Phase Extraction With Ether Recovers Ethyl Diazoacetate
Distillation Of Ethyl Chrysanthemumate Is Carried Out At 10-Mm Pressure
Reaction Of Chrysanthemum Acid Chloride And Allethrolone Produces The Final Product
Either One Of Two Standard Methods May Be Used In Analysis Of Allethrin
Future Market For Allethrin Depends
On Developmental Programs Now In
Progress
4. Amyl Compounds From Pentane
Sharples History
Fundamental Chemistry
Production Of Amyl Compounds
Corrosion
Safety
Control
Economics
Future Prospects
5. Anthracene
Introduction
Properties
Uses And Applications
Industrial Prospects
Process Of Manufacture
Apparatus
Thermometer
Procedure
6. Barium Potassium Chromate Pigment
Manufacturing Procedure
Proposed Production Plant
Field Performance
Future Of Chromate Pigments
7. Calcium Cyanamide
History Of Calcium Cyanamide Process
Chemistry Of Calcium Cyanamide
Coke
Lime
Fluorspar
Briquetting
Calcium Carbide Production
Calcium Cyanamide Production
Calcium Cyanamide Milling
Auxiliary Equipment
Chemical Control
Safety Precautions
Present Markets
Future
8. Calcium Magnesium Aconitate
Srrl Pioneered Initial Laboratory Studies
Usda Operated First Pilot Plant At New Orleans
Godchaux Plant Processes B Molasses And Blackstrap Molasses
Aconitate Precipitation Includes Dilution, Liming And Crystallization
Solids Separation Is Key Step Of Process
Aconitate Is Dried By Gas Heated Conveyor Belts
There Are Still Unknown Factors In Aconitate Production
Potential Raw Material Supplies Are Practically Unlimited
9. Carboxymethylcellulose
Cmc Is Valuable As Thickener, Stabilizer, And Detergency Improver
Solubility Of Cmc Depends On Degree Of Substitution Of Hydroxyl Units
Dry Sodium Monochloroacetate React With Alkali Cellulose In German Batch Process
Continuous Process Uses Monochloroacetic Acid
Other Producers Manufacture Special-Purpose Cmc
Wyandottee Produces Technical Grade Cmc From Bleached Solfite Pulp
Processing Is Continuous In A Three-Zone Rotary Reactor
Pneumatic Atomizers Disperse Monochloro-Acetic Acid In Reactor
Complete Reaction Requires About 3 Hours
Flash Drying Yields Desirable Products
Performance Tests Check Product Quality
Versatility Of Cmc Assures Its Future
10. Carotene And Chlorophyll: Commercial Chromatographic Production
Preparation
Adsorption
Finishing
Production
Future Prospects
11. Chemical Explosives & Rocket Propellants
Introduction
Definition
Chemistry Of Combustion
Fig 1. The Fire Safety Triangle
Historical Development
Classification Of Explosives
Explosives Manufacturing
Tnt (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)
Rdx And Hmx
Hns (2,2'4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrostilbene)
Tatb (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene)
Ddnp (2-Diazo-4,6-Dinitrophenol)
Petn (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate)
Ng (Nitroglycerin Or Glyercol Trinitrate)
Dynamite
Slurry And Emulsion Explosives
Rocket Propellants
Principles Of Rocket Propulsion
Types Of Propellants
Solid Propellants
Single And Double-Base Propellants
Composite Propellants
Propellant Use Criteria
Composite Propellant Manufacture
Liquid Propellants
Physical Properties
Liquid Oxidizers
Liquid Fuels
Monopropellants
Gelled Propellants
12. Chemicals From Acetaldehyde
Steps In Development Of Acetaldehyde Process
The Hoechst Plant
Outlook
Acetaldehyde To Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid Process
Acetaldehyde To Ethyl Acetate
Butyl Acetate
Methoxybutylacetate
13. Chemicals From Fats
Chemical Nature Of Fats And Fatty Acids
Chemistry Of Fat And Fatty Acid Processing
Developments By Armour
Processing Of Fatty Acids
Auxiliary Installations
Chemical Control
Products And Their Uses
14. Chemicals From Milk
Raw Material
Processing
Casein
Milk Protein Powder
Caseinates
Whey Proteins
Milk Sugar
Casein Hydrolyzates
Tyrosin Production
Packaging
Materials Of Construction
15. Chemicals From Oranges
Juice Products Require Top Grade Fruit
Three Types Of Extractors Remove The Juice
Frozen Concentrate Represents An Increasing Outlet For Orange Growers
Oil-Bearing Liquors Pressed From Orange Peel Yield Orange Oil
Meal And Molasses Are Produced From Peel Not Used In Pectin Production After Oil Extraction
Several Types Of Pectin May Be Hydrolyzed From Orange Peel 306
Citrus Peel Is Source Of Bioflavonoids Or "Vitamin P" Material 308
Proper Design Of Processing Plant And Equipment Limits Juice Spoilage And Product Contamination
Plant Waste Waters Operate Disposal Farm
Seasonal Nature Of Operations Is Important Factor In Citrus Processing
16. Chemicals From Wood
History Of Marathon Process
Chemistry Of Marathon's Lignosulfonates
Spent Liquor From 50,000 Tons Of Pulp
Fate Of Calcium Lignosulfonate (Organic Precipitate)
Vanillin Process Effluent
Vanillin Effluent A
Vanillin Effluent B
Salts Of Organic Acids
Operating Technology
17. Chloroquine Manufacture
Process Development
Plant Process
Product Handling
Control
18. Dye Application, Manufacture Of Dye Intermediates & Dye
Introduction
Textile Fibers
Natural Fibers
Regenerated Fibers
Synthetic Fibres
Dye Classification
Acid Dyes
Basic Or Cationic Dyes
Direct Dyes
Disperse Dyes
Reactive Dyes
Sulfur Dyes
Vat Dyes
Combinations
The Application Of Dyes
Fiber Preparation
Dye-Bath Preparation
Finishing
Dyeing Methods/Batch
Printing
Pigment Dyeing And Printing
Nontextile Uses Of Dyes
Dye Intermediates
Nitration
Reduction
The Manufacture Of Dyes
Nitro Dyes
Azo Dyes
Manufacturing Processes For Azo Dyes
Triphenylmethane Dyes
Xanthene Dyes
Anthraquinone And Related Dyes
Sulfur Dyes
Phthalocyanines
New Development In Dyes
19. Fine Chemicals From Coal
Chattanooga Plant Of Tennessee Products And Chemical Corporation
Benzoic Acid And Sodium Benzoate
Benzene Hexachloride
Toluene-Acid Recovery System
Utilities And Instrumentation
Future Prospects
20. Formaldehyde From Methanol
Manufacturing Processes
Commercial Processes Using Methanol
Other Processes
Methanol
Air Supply
Reaction
Catalyst
Absorption
Distillation
Start-Up
Instrumentation
Analytical Control
21. Granulated Fertilizers By Continuous Ammoniation
Chemistry Enters The Field
From Batch To Continuous Operation
Many Variables Affect Granulation
The Ball Starts Rolling
Gravimetric Feeders Control Solids
Ammoniation And Granulation In One Step
Design Changes Have Been Recommended
Technology Is Changing
22. Granulated Triple Superphosphate
Large Deposits Of Phosphate Rock In Florida
Chemistry Of The Process
Phosphoric Acid And Rock React
Waste Disposal
Phosphate Rock Reacts With Sulfuric Acid.
Utilities
Fume And Dust Control
Analytical And Quality Control
Maintenance And Repair
Materials And Labor Required
Typical Analyses Of Rock
Typical Product Analyses
Corrosion
23.Hydroquinone Manufacture
Preparation Of Quinone
Quinone Separation
Reduction To Hydroquinone
Purification Of Hydroquinone
Safety Precautions
Laboratory Tests
Uses Of Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone Derivatives And The Future
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