Natural foods such as fruits and vegetables are among the most important foods of mankind as they are not only nutritive but are also indispensable of the maintenance of the health. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Fertile soils, a dry climate, clean water and abundant sunlight help the hard working farmers to produce a bountiful harvest. Although there are many similarities between fruits and vegetables, there is one important difference that affects the way that these two types of crop are processed like fruits are more acidic than vegetables. Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container. Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or greatly slow down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritive value) caused or accelerated by micro organisms. One of the oldest methods of food preservation is by drying, which reduces water activity sufficiently to prevent or delay bacterial growth. Drying also reduces weight, making food more portable. Freezing is also one of the most commonly used processes commercially and domestically for preserving a very wide range of food including prepared food stuffs which would not have required freezing in their unprepared state. Fruits and vegetable processing in India is almost equally divided between the organized and unorganized sector, with the organized sector holding 48% of the share. The present book covers the processing techniques of various types of fruits, vegetables and other food products. This book also contains photographs of equipments and machineries used in fruits, vegetables and food processing along with canning and preservation. This book is an invaluable resource for new entrepreneurs, food technologists, industrialists etc.
1. Characteristics of the Food Industry
Components of the Food Industry
Allied Industries
Interrelated Operations
2. Food Quality Assurance
The Need
A Role for Government
Microbiological Standards
A Role for Industry
Design of Company QA Program
Objectives
Raw Material Quality Assurance
In-process Quality Assurance
Finished Product Quality Assurance
3. Quality Factors in Foods
Appearance Factors
Color and Gloss
Consistency
Textural Factors
Measuring Texture
Texture Changes
Flavor Factors
Additional Quality Factors
Quality Standards
Planned Quality Control
4. Preserve, Candied and Crystallized Fruits and Vegetables
Preserve
General considerations
Candied Fruits/Vegetables
Process
Glazed Fruits/Vegetables
Crystallized Fruits/Vegetables
Problems is Preparation of Preserves and Candied Fruits
5. Food Preservation by Fermentation
Life with Microorganisms
Fermentation of Carbohydrates
Industrially Important Organisms in Food Preservation
Order of Fermentation
Types of Fermentations of Sugar
Fermentation Controls
Wine
Preservation
Sterilization Filtration
Beer
Vinegar Fermentation
Principles of Vinegar Fermentation
Vinegar Making
Preparation of Yeast Starter
Alcoholic Fermentation
Acetic Fermentation
Cheese
Kinds of Cheese
Cottage Cheese
Swiss Cheese
Blue Cheeses
6. Chemical Preservation of Foods
What Are Food Additives?
Importance of Chemical Additives
Legitimate Uses in Food Processing
Undesirable Uses of Additives
Safety of a Food Additives
Functional Chemical Additive Applications
Specific Uses of Chemical Additives
Additives Permitted and Prohibited in the United States
Chemical Preservatives
Microbial Antagonists
Sorbic Acid
Antibiotics
Quality Improving Agents
Other Chemical Additives
Artificial Flavoring
Artificial Coloring
7. Cold Preservation and Processing
Distinction Between Refrigeration and Freezing
Refrigeration and Cool Storage
Requirements of Refrigerated Storage
Controlled low Temperature
Air Circulation and Humidity
Modification of Gas Atmospheres
Changes in Food During Refrigerated Storage
Freezing and Frozen Storage
Initial Freezing Point
Freezing Curve
Changes During Freezing
Choice of Final Temperature
Food Composition
Noncompositional Influences
Freezing Methods
Air Freezing
Packaging Considerations
Some Additional Developments
8. Heat Preservation and Processing
Sterilization
Commercially Sterile
Pasteurization
Blanching
Selecting Heat Treatments
Heat Resistance of Microorganisms
Thermal Death Curves
Margin of Safety
Heat Transfer
Conduction and Convection Heating
Cold Point in Food Masses
Determining Process Time and Process Lethality
Protective Effects of Food Constituents
Different Temperature-Time Combinations
Heating Before or After Packaging
9. Food Pickling and Curing
Pickled Fruits and Vegetables
Use of Salt Stock
Sour Pickles, Sweet Pickles, Processed Dill Pickles
Sauerkraut
Olives
Fermented And Pickled Products
Deterioration
Nutritional Value
Bloater Damage Control
Controlled Fermentations in Commercial Brining Tanks
Brine Recovery
Defect Reduction
The Principles of Fish Salting
The Influence of the Composition of Salt
Commercial Methods of Salting Fish
Brine-salting
Dry-salting
Comparative Efficiency of Brine-salting and Dry-salting
Some-curing Processes
Cold-smoking (Heavy Salt Cure)
Smoked Salmon
Hard-smoked Salmon
Meat Curing and Smoking
Pickled Meats
Salt
Sugar and Corn Syrup Solids
Nitrite and/or Nitrate
Nitrosamines
Phosphates
Sodium Erythorbate
Cured Meat Color
Role of Nitrite and/or Nitrate in Meat Color
Sausages and Table-ready Meats
Dry Sausage Manufacture
Processing
Fermentation
10. Food Preservation by Drying
Drying-A Natural Process
Dehydration-Artificial Drying
Dehydration vs. Sun Drying
Why Dried Foods?
Dehydration Permits Food Preservation
Humidity-Water Vapor Content of Air
RH-The drying Medium
Types of Driers
Adiabatic Driers
Heat Transfer through a Solid Surface
Criteria of Success in Dehydrated Foods
Freeze-Dehydration (Freeze Drying)
Triple Point of Water
Temperature Changes in Meat Freeze-dehydration
Influence of Dehydration on Nutritive Value of Food
Dehydration of Fruits
Dehydration of Vegetables
Dehydration of Animal Products
Dehydration of Fish
Dehydration of Milk
Dehydration of Eggs
Packaging of Dehydrated Foods
11. Food Preservation by Canning 1
Temperature vs. Pressure
Heat Resistance of Microorganisms Important in Canning
Factors Influencing the Heat Resistance of Spores
Heat Resistance of Enzymes in Food
Heat Penetration into Food Containers and Content
Storage of Canned Foods
External Corrosion of Cans
Coding the Pack
Influence of Canning on the Quality of Food
Color
Flavour and Texture
Protein
Improvements in Canning Technology
Retort Pouches
Testing a Good Seal
Hazard Analysis
12. Pickles
Preservation with Salt
Preservation with Vinegar
Preservation with Oil
Preservation with Mixture of Salt, Oil, Spices and Vinegar
Problems in pickle making
13. Chutneys and Sauces/Ketchups
Chutneys
Recipes for chutneys
Sweet mango chutney
Apple chutney
Plum chutney
Wood apple chutney
Apricot chutney
Papaya chutney
Tomato chutney
Aonla chutney
Sauces (Ketchups)
Recipes for sauces (ketchups)
Tomato sauce
Apple sauce
Plum sauce
Papaya sauce
Mushroom sauce
Aonla sauce
Problem in the preparation of sauces/ketchups
14. Mushroom Processing
Dehydration
Preparation of ketchup
Preservation with salt and acetic acid
Pickling
Canning
Mushroom poisoning
15. Tomato Processing
16. Jam, Jelly and Marmalade
Jam
Problems in jam production
Jelly
Important considerations in jelly making
Pectin
Acid
Sugar
Judging of end-point
Marmalade
After pectin extraction
17. Freezing of Fruits and Vegetables
Preparation of fruits/vegetables for freezing
Methods of freezing
Sharp freezing (Slow freezing)
Quick freezing
By direct immersion
Advantages
Disadvantages
By indirect contact with refrigerant
By air blast
Cryogenic freezing
Dhydro-freezing
Freeze-drying
Changes during freezing and storage for frozen products
Freezing process for fruits and vegetables
18. Vinegar
Types of vinegar
Steps involved in vinegar production
Outline Scheme of Vinegar Production
Preparation of vinegar
Slow process
Orleans slow process
Quick process (Generator or German process)
Precautions
Problems in vinegar production
19. Drying and Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables
Advantages of dehydration over sun-drying
Spoilage of dried products
Reconstitution test for dried/dehydrated products
Reconstitution test
20. The Canning Process
Cans
Types of Cans
Square and Pullman Base
Pear Shaped
Round Sanitary
Drawn Aluminum
Oblong
Can Materials
Retorts
Nonagitating Retorts
Continuous Agitating Retorts
Hydrostatic Retorts
Establishment of Retort Schedule
Pasteurized Canned Products
Closing
Pasteurizing Cook
Cooling
Storage and Shelf Life
Aseptic Canning
21. Food Freezing
Development of a Frozen Food Industry
The Freezing Point of Foods
Percentage Water Frozen vs. Temperature of Food and
Its Quality
Size of Ice Crystals Formed
Volume Changes During Freezing
Refrigeration Requirements in Freezing Foods
Freezing in Air
Freezing by Indirect Contact with Refrigerants
Direct Immersion Freezing
Packaging Requirements for Frozen Foods
Influence of Freezing on Microorganisms
Influence of Freezing on Proteins
Influence of Freezing on Enzymes
Influence of Freezing on Fats
Influence of Freezing on Vitamins
Freezing of Bakery Products
Packaging
Storage Life of Forzen Bread
Cookies and Cakes
Frozen Dairy Foods
The Ice Cream Industry
Basic Ingredients
Manufacure of Ice Cream
The Mix
Pasteurization
Homogenization
Cooling
Freezing
Hardening
Hazard Analysis
Hazard Categories
22. Cookie and Cracker Production Technology
Ingredients Handling
Mixing
Dough Relaxation and Fermentation
Dough Machining and Forming
Dough Relaxing
Cutting Stage
Scrap Return
Salter or Sugar Sprinkling
Rotary Molding
Extruder-Dough Formers
Wire Cut
Rout Press
The Fruit Bar Coextruder
Baking
Direct-Fired Ovens, Gas Fired
Convection (Indirect) Ovens
Post Conditioning
Secondary Processes
Icings
Enrobing
Sandwiched Cookies and Crackers
Biscuit Packaging
23. Snack Foods
Introduction
Popcorn
Four Types of Popcorn
Mechanism of Popping
Quality factors
Processing
Formulated Puffed Snacks
Ingredients
Other Grain Products
Expandable Ingredients
Frying Fats
Antioxidants
Sweeteners
Other Ingredients
Extruders and Extruding
Types of Extruders
Snacks that Are Cooked and Formed
Drying
24. Breakfast Cereals
Introduction
Present Status
Processing of Hot-serve Cereals
Wheat Cereals
Corn Cereals
Oat Cereals
Processing Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereals
Flakes
General Considerations
Corn Flakes
Wheat flakes
Bran Flakes
Shreds
Shredded Wheat Biscuits
Puffed Cereals
General Considerations
Oven-puffed Rice
Puffing by Extrusion
Sugar-coated Products
Ovens
25. Canned Meat Formulations
Corned Beef Hash
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Meat
Potatoes
Onions
Canning
Beef Stew
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Meat
Potatoes
Carrots
Onions
Preparation
Canning
Chili Con Carne
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Canning
Vienna Sausages
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Canning
Meat Balls with Gravy
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Canning
Sliced Dried Beef
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Drying and Smoking
Canning
Luncheon Meat
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Canning
Processing
Sterile
Pasteurized
Potted Meat
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Canning
Canned Hams-Pasteurized and Sterile
Federal Meat Inspection Regulations
Preparation
Smoking
Canning
Filling and Pressing
Closing
Processing
Pasteurized
Sterile
Plastic Packaged Hams
Preparation
Packaging
Processing
26. Cured or Smoked Meats
Hams
Classification of Ham
Internal Temperature
Added Substance
Presence of Bone
Commercial Ham Manufacture
Curing
Smoking/Cooking
Cooked Ham
Baked Ham
Preparation
Country Ham
Preparation
Westphalian Ham
Preparation
Scotch Ham
Prosciutti Ham
Preparation
Honey Cured Hams
Preparation
Bacon
Canadian Bacon
Wiltshire Bacon
Beef Bacon
Jowl Bacon
Fat Backs and Heavy Bellies
Smoked Pork Loin
Picnic
Shoulder Butt
Corned Beef
Smoked Fresh Meat
Dried Beef
Procedure
Smoked and Cured Lamb
Smoked Tongue
Pickled Pigs Feet
27. Sausage Formulations
Ground Sausages
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Semidry or Summer Sausages
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Dry Sausages
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Emulsion-Type Sausages
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Liver Sausage and Braunschweiger
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Speciality Items
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Mortadella
Instructions
Linguica (Portuguese Sausage)
Instructions
Instructions
28. Processing of Rice
Introduction
Quality of Rice
Milling of Rice
Small-scale Milling
Modern Conventional Milling
Abrasive Milling of Rice
Lye-peeling
Extractive Milling
Rice Flour
Further Processing of Rice
Boiling and Steaming
Parboiling
Quick-cooking Rice
Shelf-stable Cooked Rice
Rice Cakes
Rice Milk
29. Creaming, Emulsions, and Emulsifiers
Emulsifier and Emulsions
Classification
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB)
Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Type of Emulsifier used in Cookies and Crackers
Phosphatides and Lecithin
Synthetic Emulsifiers
Function of Emulsifiers in Cookies and Crackers
Eggs
Emulsifier
Mixing Operation in Cookie and Cracker Doughs
Mixing Operation
Creaming Method
Two-stage Method
Three-stage Method
Baking Cookies and Crackers
Emulsion Stability
Viscosity
To Lower Viscosity
To Increase Viscosity
Elevated Temperature
Inversion Phase
Phase Equilibria
Batter Aeration
30. Principles of Food Packaging
Introduction
Functions of Food Packaging
Requirements For Effective Food Packaging
Types of Containers
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Form-Fill-Seal Packaging
Hermetic Closure
Food-Packaging Materials and Forms
Metal
Metal Cans
Can Construction
Can Corrosion
Can Sizing
Glass
Glass Containers
Paper, Paperboard, and Fiberboard
Plastics
Laminates
Retortable Pouches and Trays
Edible Films
Wood and Cloth Materials
Package Testing
High Barrier Plastic Bottles
Aseptic Packaging in Composite Cartons
Military Food Packaging
Directory Section
Suppliers of the Plant and Machinery
Addresses of Packaging Machinery
Suppliers of Raw Material Suppliers
Machinery & Equipments (Photographs)
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