The Indian plastic and polymer industry has taken great strides. In the last few decades, the industry has grown to the status of a leading sector in the country with a sizable base. The material is gaining notable importance in different spheres of activity and the per capita consumption is increasing at a fast pace. Numerous plastics and fibers are produced from synthetic polymers; containers from propylene, coating materials from PVC, packaging film from polyethylene, experimental apparatus from Teflon, stockings from nylon fiber, there are too many to mention them all. The reason why plastics are popular is that they may offer such advantages as transparency, self lubrication, light weight, flexibility, economy in fabricating and decorating. Properties of plastics can be modified through the use of fillers, reinforcing agents and chemical additives. Silicones are by far the most important industrial polymers and are based on silicon, an element abundantly available on our planet. Polymers are classified in three broad groups; addition polymers, condensation polymers and special polymers. It is well known that the major consumption of additives is in PVC compounds. Approximately 80% of additives are being used in PVC; however the left over 20% is consumed in compounding of other thermoplastics. Plastic master batches and fillers have their own importance in plastic processing industries. Colorants are the materials that give colour and opacity to plastics are chemically characterized as either pigments or dyes. Pigments are finely pulverized natural or synthetic particles which may be of inorganic or organic origin and insoluble in the matrix in which they are dispersed. Permanent red 2B is a mono azo pigment that is widely used in thermoplastics because it is inexpensive and has high tinting strength and good bleed resistance. Fillers are commonly employed in opaque PVC compounds to reduce cost and to improve electrical insulation properties, to improve deformation resistance of cables, to increase the hardness of a flooring compound and to reduce tackiness of highly plasticized compounds. Various calcium carbonate are used for general purpose work, china clay is commonly employed for electrical insulation, and asbestos for flooring applications. Also employed occasionally are the silicas and silicates, talc, light magnesium carbonate and barites (barium sulfate). Polymer Energy system is an award winning, innovative, proprietary process to convert waste plastics into renewable energy. Polymers are the most rapidly growing sector of the materials industry. No wonder polymers are found in everything from compact discs to high tech aerospace applications. On the basis of value added, Indian share of plastic products industry is about 0.5% of national GDP.
Some of the astonishing fundamentals of the book are industrial polymers, addition polymers
polyolefins, polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, cross linked polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), high molecular weight polyethylene, high density polyethylene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), stabilizers, plasticizers, extenders, mineral filled or glass bead/milled glass grades, antistatic/electro conductive grades, electroplatable grades, etc.
The present book enlightens the processing of industrial polymers, additives, colourant and fillers. This book is an invaluable resource to new entrepreneurs, technocrats, researchers, professionals etc.
1. INDUSTRIAL POLYMERS
INTRODUCTION
PART I: ADDITION POLYMERS
POLYOLEFINS
Polyethylene
Chlorinated Polyethylene
Cross-Linked Polyethylene
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
High-Molecular-Weight High-Density Polyethylene
Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
Stabilizers
Plasticizers
Extenders
Lubricants
Fillers
Pigments
Impact Modifiers and Processing Aids
Properties and Applications
Pastes
Poly(Vinylidene Chloride)
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Processing
Applications
Polyisobutylene
Polystyrene
Polybutadiene (Butadiene Rubber)
Polyisoprene
Polychloroprene
OLEFIN COPOLYMERS
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Nitrile Rubber
Ethylene-Propylene Elastomer
Butyl Rubber
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Styrene-Diene-Styrene Triblock Elastomers
Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers
Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers
Ionic Elastomers
Fluoroelastomers
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Terpolymer
Ethylene-Methacrylic Acid Copolymers (Ionomers)
Ionomers
ACRYLICS
Polyacrylonitrile
Polyacrylates
Polymethacrylates
Polyacrylamide
Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(methacrylic acid)
Acrylic Adhesives
VINYL POLYMERS
Poly (Vinyl Acetate)
Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)
Poly(Vinyl Acetals)
Poly(Vinyl Cinnamate)
Poly(Vinyl Ethers)
Poly(VinyI Pyrrolidone)
Poly(Vinyl Carbazole)
PART II: CONDENSATION POLYMERS
POLYESTERS
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)
Poly(Dihydroxymethylcyclohexyl Terephthalate)
Unsaturated Polyesters
Polyester-Glass-Fiber Laminates (GRP, FRP)
Polyester Molding Compositions
Aromatic Polyesters
Wholly Aromatic Copolyester
Polycarbonates
POLYAMIDES
Aliphatic Polyamides
Properties
Applications
Aromatic Polyamides
Polyimides
Modified Polyimides
FORMALDEHYDE RESINS
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
Resols
Novolac
Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
Molding Powder
Processing
Properties and Applications
Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
POLYURETHANES
Polyesters
Polyethers
Polycaprolactone
Polyurethane Rubbers and Spandex Fibers
Cross-Linked Polyurethane Rubbers
(a) Prepolymer formation
(b) Chain extension of prepolymer
(c) Cross linking of chain-extended polyurethane
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Rubbers
Spandex Fibers
Flexible Polyurethane Foam
Applications
Rigid and Semirigid Polyurethane Foams
Polyisocyanurates
Polyurethane Coatings
ETHER POLYMERS
Polyacetal
Poly(Ethylene Oxide)
Applications
Polyethylene Glycol
Poly(ethylene Oxide)
Poly [Propylene Oxide]
Epoxy Resins
Resin Preparation
Curing
Other Epoxies
Applications
POLY(PHENYLENE OXIDE)
CELLULOSIC POLYMERS
REGENERATED CELLULOSE
Cellulose Nitrate
Cellulose Acetate
Other Cellulose Esters
Cellulose Ethers
PART III: SPECIAL POLYMERS
Heat-Resistant Polymers
POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE)
POLYSULFONE
Properties
Polyether Ether Ketone
Polybenzimidazole
SILICONES AND OTHER INORGANIC POLYMERS
Silicones
Silicone Fluids
Silicone Resins
Silicone Rubbers
Polyphosphazenes
Polythiazyl
FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
Ion-Exchange Resins
Applications
Polymeric Reagents
Photoconductive Polymers
Electroconductive Polymers
Light-Sensitive Polymers
Piezoelectric Polymers
2. POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITY (HDPE)
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Disadvantages
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Processability of HDPE
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
Master Outline of Materials Properties
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
Mold Shrinkage Characteristics
3. ACETALS
ACETAL
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
Specialty Grades
Reinforced Grades
Mineral-filled or Glass Bead/Milled Glass Grades
Antistatic/Electroconductive Grades
Electroplatable Grades
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Standard design chart for Acetal
Master Material Outline
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
Master Outline of Materials Properteis
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
Standard Tolerance Chart
4. ALLYL RESINS (DAP/DAIP)
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Reinforcements
APPLICATIONS
Reinforced Laminates
Decorative Laminates
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
5. FLUOROPOLYMERS, POLY(VINYLIDENE
FLUORIDE) (PVDF)
POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
Thermal Properties
Mechanical Properties
Optical Properties
Environmental Properties
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
6. IONOMERS
IONOMER
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
Film Extrusion
Injection Molding
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
Moisture Absorption
Effect of Temperature on the Melt Flow
SHRINKAGE
7. POLYAMIDE-IMIDE (PAI)
STRUCTURE
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
8. POLYBUTYLENE (PB)
STRUCTURE
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
9. POLYCARBONATE (PC)
POLYCARONATE
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
10. POLYETHYLENE LINEAR LOW
DENSITY (LLDPE)
INTRODUCTION LLDP
CATEGORY
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
11. FLEXIBLE POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) (FPVC)
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORY
Vinyl Additives
HISTORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
Physical Properties
Thermal Properties
Mechanical Properties
Optical Properties
Environmental Properties
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
RESIN FORMS
Additives
Polyblends
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
12. FILLERS, CALCIUM CARBONATE
CATEGORY
SOURCE
KEY PROPERTIES
PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS
COMMERCIAL GRADES
COMPOSITES CHARACTERISTICS
13. FILLERS, KAOLIN
AIR-FLOATED KAOLIN
WATER-WASHED KAOLIN
CALCINED KAOLIN
SURFACE-MODIFIED KAOLINS
14. FILLERS, MICA
CATEGORY
SOURCE
KEY PROPERTIES
PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS
COMMERCIAL GRADES
COMPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS
15. COLORANTS
INTRODUCTION
Color and its Measurements
Light
Colorants
PIGMENTS AND DYES
Major Organic Pigments
Inorganic Pigments
Characteristics of Dyes
Colorant Forms and Functions
The Importance of Dispersion
Coloring Do’s and Dont’s
Color Measurement and Matching
16. FILLERS, ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE (ATH)
CATEGORY
SOURCE
KEY PROPERTIES
PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS
POLYMERS FILLED
Unsuaturated polyester
Epoxy
Cross-Linked Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate
Urethane
EPDM
PVC
Polyethylene
COMMERCIAL GRADES
COMPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS
17. ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-
STYRENE (ABS)
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORY
POLYMERIZATION
Chemistry
Other Monomers
Compounding
Pricing
PROPERTIES
Impact Resistance
Strength
Creep and Stress Relaxation
Fatigue
Heat Deflection
Flammability
Optical Properties
Ultraviolet Resistance
Chemical Resistance
Reinforcement
APPLICATIONS
Appliances
Automotive
Building and Construction
Business Machines/Consumer Electronics
Other Applications
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Injection Molding
Extrusion
Thermoforming
Cold Forming
RESIN FORMS
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
Drying
Degradation
Regrind
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
Molding Conditions to Maximize Specific Properties
Thermoforming
SHRINKAGE
18. FILLERS, FIBER GLASS
CATEGORY
SOURCE
KEY PROPERTIES
PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS
POLYMERS FILLED
COMMERCIAL GRADES
COMPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS
19. POLYETHYLENE, LOW DENSITY (LDPE)
INTRODUCTION
CATEGORY
POLYMERIZATION
DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
RESIN FORMS
SPECIFICATION OF PROPERTIES
PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSING-SENSITIVE END PROPERTIES
SHRINKAGE
20. FILLERS, CALCIUM SULFATE
CATEGORY
Source
KEY PROPERTIES
PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS
APPLICATIONS
Polyester Resin Systems
Laminate Sheet
Bulk Molding Compound
PVC Molding Compounds
PVC Plastisols
POLYMERS FILLED
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
COMMERCIAL GRADES
COMPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS
^ Top
