In modern age chemical industries have permeated most extensively in comparison with other industries and are progressing at a very rapid pace. Chemical Industry in India is one of the fastest growing industries under the Indian economy. The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials into more than 70,000 different products. Chemicals have contributed in various sectors like food industry, fertilizers, perfumery, fragrance and flavour etc. Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, as well as thousands inputs to agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and service industries. There are numerous chemicals produced in chemical industry for example chloroform, caffeine, fertilizers , dyes, drug intermediates, herbicide, inorganic salts, copper sulphate, acetaldehyde etc. The chemical industry itself consumes 26 percent of its own output. The Chemical Industry in India is based on the idea of diversification. For example inorganic chemicals is the sector where the growth rate is near about 9% and the chemicals produced in this sector are mainly used in alkalis, fertilizers, etc. Depending on the product categories the chemical industry is divided in many other sectors like drugs and pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, fine chemicals like dyes and paints etc. The chemical industry in India which generates almost 13% of total national export is growing annually at a growth rate anywhere between 10% and 12%.
This book majorly deals with the molecular formula, raw materials, properties, laboratory testing, manufacturing process explained with flow diagrams and uses of the chemicals. The major contents of the book are inorganic salts, inorganic chemicals, industrial gas, fertilizers, alum, caffeine, ceramic chemicals etc. This book covers the production of more than 100 chemicals for example acetanilide, methylamine, butylamine, linalol, phosphorous, salicylic acid etc.
This book should be of great value to young chemical engineers and chemists who are just entering the field but those already practicing will find much of interest and use for broadening of their insight in to fields in which they are only marginally informed. It is hoped that this book will aid to young engineers, chemical, civil, mechanical and electrical as well as chemists, in understanding the value of chemical, the type of problems met in their production and method for solving these problems.
1. 2-Chloro-6(Trichloromethyl)-Pyridine
Introduction
Classification
Uses and Applications
Industrial Prospect
Formulations
Process of Manufacture
Laboratory Testing
Determination of Pyridine Content
Apparatus
Test Substances
Procedure
Chart Speed
Calculation
2. Alkylamines
Methylamine
Ethylamine
Propylamine
Isopropylamine
Butylamine
Isobutylamine
Amylamine
Monoethanolamine
Diethanolamines
Triethanolamine
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Polypropylene
Manufacturing Process
Hercules Polypropylene Process
Uses
Grades
Polyethylene
Manufacturing Process
From Ethylene by Low-Pressure Polymerization
(Phillips Process)
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Vinyl Acetate
Manufacturing Process
3. Alum
Introduction
Raw Material Requirements
Reactions
Process of Manufacture
Uses
Plant & Machinery
Market Potential
Plant Economics
Analytical Testing of Ammonium Alum
EDTA Method
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Gravimetric Method
Laboratory Testing of Aluminium Sulphate
Introduction
Procedure
4. Bleaching Powder
Introduction
Properties
Properties
Uses
Process of Manufacture
Laboratory Testing
Glacial Acetic Acid
Calculation
5. Caffeine (C8H10N4O2.H2O)
From Tea Waste
Raw Material Requirements
Process
Properties
Purity
Reagents and Apparatus
Standardization
Procedure A : (Potentiometric)
6. Ceramic Chemicals
Boric Acid
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
7. Chemical and Additive for Food Industry
Citric Acid
Properties
Lactic Acid
Molecular Formula
Manufacturing Process
Sodium Bicarbonate
Manufacturing Process
8. Chloroform (Trichloromethane) CHCl3
Chloroform
Molecular Formula
Properties
From Methane by Chlorination
Material Requirements (Theoretical)
Process
From Acetone and Bleaching Powder
Reaction
Material Requirements
Process
Grades
Purity
Determination of Relative Density
Apparatus
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of Distillation Yield
Apparatus
Assembly of the Apparatus
Procedure
9. Chloram Phenicol (p)(-)Threo-1-(Para-nitrophenyl)-
2-dichloroacetamide-1, 3-propanediol
Reaction
Raw Material Requirements
Manufacturing Process
Properties
Grades
Purity
10. Coumarin (C9H6O2)
From Salicylaldehyde
Reaction
Properties
Grades
Use & Application
Process of Manufacture
Laboratory Testing
Apparatus
Coumarin
Procedure
Reaction with Iodine Solution
11. Construction Material
Lime (Calcium Oxide)
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Hydrated Lime
Chemical Lime
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
12. Corrosion Inhibitor
Sodium Dichromate
Manufacturing Process
From Chromite Ore
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
13. Drug Intermediates & Pharmaceuticals
Acetanilide
Molecular Formula
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Uses
Specification of Commercial Graders
Toxicity
14. Dry Cleaning Solvent
Perchloroethylene
Molecular Formula
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
15. Dyes and Intermediates
Aceto-Acetanilide
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Anthraquinone
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Phthalic Anhydride and Benzene
Raw Material requirements
b-Naphthol
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Naphthalene
Raw material requirements
Bon Acid (3-Hydroxy-2 Naphthoic Acid)
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grade
G-Acid (2-Naphthol-6, 8 Disulphonic Acid)
Properties (Sodium Salt)
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Uses
H-Acid
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Naphthalene
Manufacturing Process
Process
Naphthol Asg
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Rhodamine B (Basic Dye)
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Phthalic Anhydride
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
16. Ester Gum
Field of Applications
Classification
Manufacture
Laboratory Testing
Reagents
Driers
Procedure
Determination of Gel Time
General
Reagents
Procedure
17. Faty Acids
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw Material Requirement
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
18. Fertilizers
Introduction
Nutrition requirements of crops
Overview of the fertilizer industry
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Miscellaneous low-volume nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen fertilizers from synthetic ammonia
Phosphate Fertilizers
Natural Organic Phosphate Fertilizers
Fertilizers from Mineral Phosphates
Potassium Salts
Potassium Minerals
Potassium-Magnesium Minerals
Potassium Sulfate
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium Phosphates
Mixed Fertililzers
Nongranular Mixtures
Compound Granulars
Bulk Blends
Fluid Mixtures
19. Gaur Gum (Galactomannan Gum)
From Guar Seeds (Dry Process)
Raw Material Requirements
Process
Other Processes
Properties
Grades
Containers
Purity
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of Ash
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of Protein
Apparatus
Reagents
Calculation
Determination of Residue Insoluble in Acid
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Determination of Gum Content
Procedure
Economic Aspects
20. Herbicide
2, 4-Dichloro Phenoxy Acetic Acid (2, 4-D Acid)
Manufacturing Process
Raw Material requirements
Reaction
Flow Diagram
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
21. Industrial Gases
Overview
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Hydrogen
Helium
Carbon Dioxide - CO2
Liquefied Natural Gas
Acetylene
Nitrous Oxide
22. Industrial Halogens
Bromine
Manufacturing Process
Bromine from Sea Water
Reaction
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Chlorine
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Salt by Electrolysis
Raw material requirements (Diaphragm cell)
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Iodine
Manufacturing Process
From Oil-well Brines (Silver iodide process)
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
23. Inorganic Chemicals - With Multipurpose
end use
Activated Alumina
Manufacturing Process
From Alum and Caustic Soda
Raw material requirement
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Activated Carbon
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Charcoal
Raw Material Requirements
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Phosphorus Oxychloride
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Phosphorus Trichloride and Phosphorus
Pentoxide
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Sodium Acetate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Acetic Acid and Soda Ash
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Sodium Chloride
Properties
Manufacturing Process
By Solar Evaporation
Raw material requirements
Major Engineering Problems
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
24. Inorganic Salts
Aluminium Chloride
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Aluminium Metal and Chlorine
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Ammonium Chloride
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Ammonium Nitrate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Ammonia and Nitric Acid
Raw Material Requirements
Barium Carbonate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Barium Sulphide and Carbon Dioxide
Raw material requirements
Reaction
From Barium Sulphide and soda Ash
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Copper Sulphate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Cupric Oxide and Sulphuric Acid
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Ferrous Sulphate Heptahydrate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Steel Pickling Liquor
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Potassium Silicate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Sodium Silicate
Raw material requirements
Uses
Grades
25. Linalol
Introduction
Raw Materials Required
Process
Miscellaneous
Properties
Containers
Grades
Uses
Plant & Machinery
Plant Economics
Market Potential
26. Litharge (Lead Monoxide, Yellow Lead
Oxide) pbo
By Air Oxidation of Lead Metal (4 Alternate
Processes)
Reaction
Material Requirements
Process
Properties
Grades
Containers
Purity
Determination of Litharge Content
General
Volumetric Method
Reagents
Procedure
EDTA Method
Reagents
Procedure
Economic Aspects
27. Metallic Stearates
Aluminium Stearate
Calcium Stearate
Magnesium Stearate
Lead Stearate
Zinc Stearate
Metallic Stearates
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
Aluminium Stearate
Test
Reaction
Uses
Aluminium Stearate
Calcium Stearate
Lead Stearate
Magnesium Stearate
Zinc Stearate
Grades
Toxicity
28. Metal Treatment and Degreasing chemicals
Chromic Acid
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Sodium Dichromate
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Trichloroethylene
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Acetylene and Chlorine
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
29. Natural Gas
Characteristics
Occurrence of Natural Gas
Preparing Natural Gas for Transmission and Sale
Processing for Liquids Recovery
30. Acetaldehyde
Properties
Aceto Acetic Ester
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw Material Requirement
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Fire Fighting
Aniline
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Nitrobenzene by reduction
Raw Material requirements
Benzaldehyde
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Oxidation of Toluene
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Specifications for Benzaldehyde
Toxicity
Carboxy methyl cellulose (sodium Salt)
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Waste Cotton (or cellulose)
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Ethylene Dichloride
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Ethylene and Chlorine
Raw material requirements
Glycerine
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
8-Hydroxy Quinoline
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
31. Perfumery, FragNance and Flavour
Chemicals
Benzyl Acetate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Coumarin
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Phenylacetic Acid
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Benzyl Chloride
Raw material requirement
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Vanillin
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Waste Sulphite Pulp Liquor
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
32. Phosphorus and Phosphates
Introduction
Phosphate Rock
Resources
Phosphate Ores
Mining
Beneficiation
Elemental Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid
Furnace Phosphoric Acid
Industrial Phosphates
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
Dihydrate Process
Major Dihydrate Processes
Hemihydrate Processes for Phosphoric Acid
Unit Operations
Superphosphoric Acid
Wet Process Acid by-Products
Phosphogypsum
Fluorine Recovery
Uranium Recovery
Purified Phosphoric Acid
Environmental Aspects
33. Plasticiser
Chlorinated Paraffin Wax
Molecular Formula
Properties
Dialkyl Phthalates
Dimethyl Phthalates
Properties
Diethyl Phthalate
Properties
Dibutyl Phthalates
Properties
Dioctyl Phthalates
Properties
Diamyl Phthalates
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Phthalic Anhydride and Alcohol by
Esterification
Raw material requirements
Dibutyl phthalate
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Tricresyl Phosphate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Cresol and Phosphorus Oxychloride
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
34. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Properties
From Manganese Ore
Reaction
Material Requirements
Process
From Potassium Manganate by Electrochemical
Oxidation
Reaction
Material Requirements
Process
Grades
Containers
Purity
Determination of Potassium Permanganate Content
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Economic Aspects
35. Red Iron Oxide
Introduction
Raw Material Requirements
Process
Plant and Machinery
Uses
Market Potential
Plant Economics
Properties
Grades
Containers
Determination of Ferric Oxide (Red)
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
36. Red Lead (Pb3O4)
Introduction
Raw Material Requirements
Process of Manufacture
Plant and Machinery
Plant Economics
Economic Aspects/Market Potential
Miscellaneous
Properties
Grades
Containers
Hazard
Uses
Analytical Testing
Determination of Lead
Procedure
Calculation
37. Resorcinol (3-Hydroxy Phenol)
From Benzene
Reaction
Raw Material Requirements
Process
Properties
Grades
Containers
Purity
Economic Aspects
38. Rubber & Rubber Chemicals
Butadiene
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Butane by Dehydrogenation (Hydro
Catadiene process)
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Chlorinated Rubber
Properties
Manufacturing Process
Raw material requirements
From Rubber Solution
Test
Uses
Grades
Diphenylamine
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Aniline
Raw material requirement
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
39. Saccharin
Alkali Oxidation Process
Raw Material Requirements
Process
Sodium Dichromate Process
Chromic Acid Process
Sodium Saccharin
Liquid Saccharin
Properties
Grades
Purity
Economic Aspects
40. Salicylic Acid
From Phenol
Reaction
Material Requirements
Process
Properties
Grades
Containers
Purity
Reagents
Procedure
Economic Aspects
41. Silica Gel SiO2nH2O
From Sodium Silicate and Sulphuric Acid
Raw Material Requirements
Process
Properties
Grades
Containers
Purity
Procedure
Water Soluble Chlorides
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Cobalt Assessment
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Ammonium Compounds
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Water Soluble Sulphates
Reagents
Procedure
Economic Aspects
42. Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy
Chemicals
Sodium Chloride
Soda Ash
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfides
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Hyposulfite
Sodium Phosphates
Sodium Silicate
Chlor-Alkali (Chlorine and Caustic Soda)
Hydrochloric Acid
Bromine and Brine Chemicals
Bleaches
Sodium Chlorate
43. Silicone Resin
Manufacturing Process
Laboratory Testing
Silicone Resin
Rapid Method for Determination of Silicone
Laboratory Testing
Silica Resin
Determination of Silica by the Gravimetric Method
Reagents
Procedure
Properties
Calculation
44. Solvents
Acetone
Properties
Carbon Tetrachloride
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Carbon Disulphide and Chlorine
Raw material requirements
Chlorobenzene And Dichlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Properties
Ethyl Acetate
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Ethyl Alcohol and Acetic Acid by
Esterification
Raw material requirements
Isopropyl Alcohol
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Propylene
Raw material requirements
Methyl Alcohol (Methanol)
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen
Raw material requirements
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Secondary Butyl Alcohol by Dehydrogenation
Raw material requirements
Reaction
Uses
Grades
Toxicity
Nitrobenzene
Properties
Manufacturing Process
From Benzene and Nitric Acid
Raw material requirements
Nitroparaffins
Nitromethane
Properties
45. Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur
Development of the Sulfur Industry
Sulfur Production Processes
Recovered Sulfur
Sulfuric Acid
Uses of Sulfuric Acid
Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid by the Contact
Process
Sulfur Dioxide production
Conversion of SO2 to H2SO4
Absorption of SO3
Other Sources of Sulfuric Acid
46. Ultramarine Blue
47. Raw Material Requirements
Process
Properties
Grades
Containers
Purity
General
Apparatus
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
Test for Fastness of Light
General
Apparatus
Procedure
Test for soluble organic colouring matter
General
Reagents
Procedure
Market Aspects
47. Zinc Sulphate
Introduction
Properties
Uses
Scope
Manufacturing Process
Purification
Laboratory Testing of Zinc Sulphate
Determination of Zinc
Reagents
Procedure
Calculation
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