Phenolic Resins Technology Handbook (2nd Revised Edition)
|
Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers |
Phenolic resins, also known as phenol–formaldehyde resins, are synthetic polymers that are produced from the reaction of phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde at high temperatures. These are widely used in wood adhesives, molding compounds, and laminates. The resins are flame-retardant, demonstrate high heat resistance, high tensile strength, and low toxicity, and generate low smoke. In the report, the phenolic resins market is segmented on the basis of product type, application, and region.
Phenolic Resin Market size estimated to reach at USD 19.13 billion in 2026. Alongside, the market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period. The global phenolic resins market has experienced a notable growth and it has been projected that the global market will see stable growth during the forecast period. The high mechanical strengths, low toxicity, heat resistance, low smoke and other several properties has made the phenolic resins to make their use in the applications such as in laminations, wood adhesives, molding compound, construction, automobile and others. Growing demand of these applications has increased the production of phenolic resins to meet the current market demand. Also, phenolic resins is used in flame retardant which is very crucial for automobiles and aircrafts.
This book basically deals with general reaction of phenols with aldehydes, the resoles, curing stages of resoles, kinetics of a stage reaction, chemistry of curing reactions, kinetics of the curing reaction, the novolacs, decomposition products of resites, acid cured resites, composition of technical resites, mechanisms of rubber vulcanization with phenolic resins, thermosetting alloy adhesives, vinyl phenolic structural adhesives, nitrile phenolic structural adhesives, phenolic resins in contact adhesives, chloroprene phenolic contact adhesives, nitrile phenolic contact adhesives, phenolic resins in pressure sensitive adhesives, rubber reinforcing resins, resorcinol formaldehyde latex systems, phenolic resin chemistry, bio-based phenolic resins, flexibilization of phenolic resins, floral foam (Phenolic Foam) with resin manufacturing, lignin-based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resins, phenol formaldehyde resin, alkaline phenol formaldehyde resin, furfuryl alcohol phenol urea formaldehyde resin, phenol formaldehyde resin (Shell Sand Resin), phenol formaldehyde resin (Cold Box Resin), effluent treatment plant, standards and legislation, marketing of thermoset resins, process flow sheet, sample plant layout and photographs of machinery with supplier’s contact details.
A total guide of phenolic resins and entrepreneurial success in one of today's most lucrative resin industry. This book is one-stop guide to one of the fastest growing sectors, where opportunities abound for manufacturers, retailers, and entrepreneurs. This is the only complete handbook on Phenolic resins.
Phenolic Resin Market size estimated to reach at USD 19.13 billion in 2026. Alongside, the market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period. The global phenolic resins market has experienced a notable growth and it has been projected that the global market will see stable growth during the forecast period. The high mechanical strengths, low toxicity, heat resistance, low smoke and other several properties has made the phenolic resins to make their use in the applications such as in laminations, wood adhesives, molding compound, construction, automobile and others. Growing demand of these applications has increased the production of phenolic resins to meet the current market demand. Also, phenolic resins is used in flame retardant which is very crucial for automobiles and aircrafts.
This book basically deals with general reaction of phenols with aldehydes, the resoles, curing stages of resoles, kinetics of a stage reaction, chemistry of curing reactions, kinetics of the curing reaction, the novolacs, decomposition products of resites, acid cured resites, composition of technical resites, mechanisms of rubber vulcanization with phenolic resins, thermosetting alloy adhesives, vinyl phenolic structural adhesives, nitrile phenolic structural adhesives, phenolic resins in contact adhesives, chloroprene phenolic contact adhesives, nitrile phenolic contact adhesives, phenolic resins in pressure sensitive adhesives, rubber reinforcing resins, resorcinol formaldehyde latex systems, phenolic resin chemistry, bio-based phenolic resins, flexibilization of phenolic resins, floral foam (Phenolic Foam) with resin manufacturing, lignin-based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resins, phenol formaldehyde resin, alkaline phenol formaldehyde resin, furfuryl alcohol phenol urea formaldehyde resin, phenol formaldehyde resin (Shell Sand Resin), phenol formaldehyde resin (Cold Box Resin), effluent treatment plant, standards and legislation, marketing of thermoset resins, process flow sheet, sample plant layout and photographs of machinery with supplier’s contact details.
A total guide of phenolic resins and entrepreneurial success in one of today's most lucrative resin industry. This book is one-stop guide to one of the fastest growing sectors, where opportunities abound for manufacturers, retailers, and entrepreneurs. This is the only complete handbook on Phenolic resins.
Contents
1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHENOLIC RESINS
2. RAW MATERIALS
Phenols, Physical Properties of Phenol, Cumene Process (Hock Process), Cresols and Xylenols â€" Synthesis Methods, Alkylphenols, Phenols from Coal and Petroleum, Other Phenolic Compounds, Resorcinol, Bisphenol-A, Formaldehyde, Properties and Processing, Paraformaldehyde, Trioxane and Cyclic Formals, Hexamethylenetetramine, HMTA, Furfural, Other Aldehydes
3. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
General Reaction of Phenols with Aldehydes, The Resoles, Curing Stages of Resoles, Kinetics of A-Stage Reaction, Chemistry of Curing Reactions, Kinetics of the Curing Reaction, The Novolacs, Decomposition Products of Resites, Acid-Cured Resites, Composition of Technical Resites
4. PHENOLIC RESINS FROM HIGHER ALDEHYDES
Acetaldehyde, Butyraldehyde, Chloral, Furfural, Acrolein
5. PHENOLIC RESINS FROM POLYHYDRIC PHENOLS
6. REACTION MECHANISMS
Molecular Structure and Reactivity of Phenols, Formaldehyde-Water and
Formaldehyde-Alcohol Equilibria, Phenol-Formaldehyde Reaction under Alkaline Conditions, Inorganic Catalysts and Tertiary Amines, Ammonia, HMTA and Amine-Catalyzed Reactions, Reaction Kinetics of the Base-Catalyzed Hydroxymethylation, Prepolymer Formation, Resole Cross-Linking Reactions. Quinone Methides, Acid Curing, Heat Curing, Phenol-Formaldehyde Reactions under Acidic Conditions, Reaction Kinetics in Acidic Medium, Reaction under Weak Acidic Conditions. “High-Orthoâ€-Novolak Resins, Novolak Cross-Linking Reaction with HMTA, Reaction with Epoxide Resins, Reactions with Diisocyanates
7. THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, X-Ray Examination, Electron Microscope Examination, The Isogel Theory of Phenoplast Structure, The Spherocolloid Theory of Phenoplast Structure, Further Swelling Experiments, Development of Structure in A-Stage Resin, General Picture of Phenoplast Structure, Structure of Cast Phenoplasts
8. RESIN PRODUCTION
9. FILLERS FOR PHENOLIC RESIN MOULDING POWDERS
Types of Filler, Effect of Filler on Impact Strength and Damping, Microscopic Structure of Fillers, Ratio of Resin to Filler, Standard Classification of Phenoplast Molding Powder According to Filler, Properties of Individual Fillers, Cellulose Derivatives, Wood Flour, Walnut-Shell Flour, Cottonseed Hulls, Cellulosic Fibers, Textile By-Products, Proteinaceous Fillers, Carbon Fillers, Mineral Fillers
10. FILLERS AND RESINS FOR LAMINATES
Classification of Laminates, Laminated Phenolic Sheets, Laminated Phenolic Tubes (NEMA Classi-fication), High Strength Paper Laminates, Plastic Bonded Cotton Fiber, Glass Fabric Filler, Resins used for Laminates
11 PHYSIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Toxicology of Phenols, Toxicology of Formaldehyde, Environmental Protection, Waste Water and Exhaust Air Treatment Processes, Microbial Transformation and Degradation, Chemical Oxidation and Resinification Reactions, Thermal and Catalytic Incineration, Extraction Processes and Recovering, Activated Carbon Process, Gas Scrubbing Processes
12. DEGRADATION OF PHENOLIC RESINS BY HEAT, OXYGEN AND HIGH ENERGY RADIATION
Thermal Degradation, Oxidation Reactions, Degradation by High Energy Radiation
13. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLDED PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Mechanical Properties Covered, Pheno-plast Properties at Room Temperature, Effect of Degree of Cure on Physical Properties, Tensile Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Shear Strength, Bearing Strength, Impact Resistance, Creep and Stress Endurance, Fatigue Resistance, Influence of Temperature on Mechanical Properties, Influence of Temperature on Creep, Theoretical Discussion of Strength Properties of Phenoplasts, Strength-Weight Comparisons with Metals
14. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LAMINATED PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Mechanical Properties at Ordinary Temperatures, Tensile Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Shear Strength, Bearing Strength, Impact Resistance, Creep and Stress Endurance, Fatigue Resistance, Abrasion Resistance, Influence of Temperature on Mechanical Properties, Effect of Resin Content on Mechanical Properties, Effect of Moisture Content of Paper Filler Before Lamination, Effect of Laminating Pressure, Effect of Degree of Cure, Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties, Mechanical Properties of Post-Formed Laminates, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Shear Strength, Impact Strength, Water Absorption
15. MODIFIED AND THERMAL-RESISTANT RESINS
Etherification Reactions, Esterification Reaction, Boron-Modified Resins, Silicon-Modified Resins, Phosphorus-Modified Resins, Heavy Metal-Modified Resins, Nitrogen-Modified Resins, Sulfur-Modified
Resins
16. COMPOSITE WOOD MATERIALS
Wood, Residues of Annual Plants, Adhesives and Wood Gluing, Phenol Resins, Urea and Melamine Resins, Diisocyanates, Lignosulfonates, Bark Extracts, Physical Properties of Composite Wood Materials, Particle Boards, Wood Chips, Resins and Additives, Wood Chips, Resins, Hydrophobic Agents, Fungicides and Insecticides, Flame Retardants, Production of Particle Boards, Chip Blending, Pressing of Particle Boards, Properties of Particle Boards, Plywood, Resins, Additives and Formulations, Production of Plywood, High-Densified Plywood, Fiber Boards, Wood Fibers, Resins and Additives, Production of Fiber Boards, Structural Wood Gluing, Resorcinol Adhesives
17. MOULDING COMPOUNDS
Standardization and Minimum Properties, Composition of Molding Powders, Resins, Fillers, Reinforcements and Additives, Wood Flour and Cellulose Fibers, Asbestos, Mineral Flour, Other Fillers and Fibers, Colorants, Lubricants and Release Agents, Production of Molding Powders, Thermoset Flow, Manufacturing of Molded Parts, Compression Molding, Transfer Molding, Injection Molding, Selected Properties, Thermal Resistance, Shrinkage and Post-Mold Shrinkage, Thermal Expansion
18. HEAT AND SOUND INSULATION MATERIALS
Inorganic Fiber Insulating Materials, Inorganic Fibers and Fiber Production, Resins and Formulation, Properties of Fiber Mats, Phenolic Resin Foam, Resins and Additives, Blowing Agents, Surfactants, Foaming Equipment, Foam Properties, Sound Insulating Textile Fiber Mats.
19. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Coefficient of Expansion, Flame Resistance
20. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Water Absorption, Effect of Reagents, Chemical Applications for Phenoplasts, Resistance to Microorganisms
21. OIL SOLUBLE PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Pure Oil-Soluble Phenoplasts, The Modified Phenoplasts, Reactions of the Phenoplasts with Oils
22. FRICTION MATERIALS
Friction and Wear of Thermosets, Formulation of Friction Materials, Fibers, Fillers, Resins, Manufacturing of Brake- and Clutch Linings, Impregnation Process, Wet Mix “Dough†Process, Dry Mix Process
23. PHENOLIC RESINS IN RUBBERS AND ADHESIVES
Mechanisms of Rubber Vulcanization with Phenolic Resins, Thermosetting Alloy Adhesives, Vinyl-Phenolic Structural Adhesives, Nitrile-Phenolic Structural Adhesives, Phenolic Resins in Contact Adhesives, Chloroprene-Phenolic Contact Adhesives, Nitrile-Phenolic Contact Adhesives, Phenolic Resins in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Rubber-Reinforcing Resins, Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Latex Systems
24. PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS
25. OTHER APPLICATIONS
Carbon and Graphite Materials, Phenolics for Chemical Equipment, Phenolic Resin/Fiber Composites, Phenolic Resin Fibers, Blast Furnace Taphole Mixes, Photo-Resists, Socket Putties, Brush Putties, Tannins, Ion-Exchange-Resins, Casting Resins
26. TECHNICAL MANUFACTURE OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Resin Manufacture, Cast Resins, Resin Varnishes, Resin Compound, Molding Powder, Phenoplast Molding Laminates
27. MOULDING TECHNIQUE FOR PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Compression Molding, Transfer Molding, Injection Molding, Molding Practice, Preheating
28. MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Wood Adhesives, Bonding of Insulating Mats, Resins for Bonding Grinding Wheels, Wood Impregnation, Miscellaneous Adhesive Applications, Brake-Lining Resins, Cross Linking of Thermoplasts, War Uses of Phenoplasts.
29. FOUNDRY RESINS
Mold- and Core-Making Processes, Inorganic Binders, Organic Binders, Requirements of Foundry Sands, Shell Molding Process, Precoated "Resin Shell" Sand, Shell Sand Properties, Hot-Box Process, No-Bake Process, Cold-Box Process, Ingot Mold Hot Tops
30. PHENOLIC RESIN CHEMISTRY
Resoles Chemistry
Novolacs Chemistry
Manufacturing Plant and Procedure
Properties
31. BIO-BASED PHENOLIC RESINS
Tannin
32. FLEXIBILIZATION OF PHENOLIC
Tests Performed on Unmodified Phenolic Resin
Physical-Mechanical Characteristics
IR-Tests
NMR-Tests
33. FLORAL FOAM (PHENOLIC FOAM) WITH RESIN MANUFACTURING
When Working with Floral Foams
Types of Floral Foam
Wet Foam
Liquid Foam Process
Dry Foam
Foam Ingredients
Dry Hard Foam Process
Color Foam
Products
Foam Brick
Foam Dome
Properties of Floral Foam
Manufacturing Process
Resol Resin Preparation
Floral Foam Production
Process Flow Diagram
34. LIGNIN-BASED PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE (LPF) RESINS
Lignin
Lignin Modification Techniques
Methylolation and Phenolation
Lignin Thermolysis Techniques
Pyrolysis
Hydrogenolysis
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
35. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin
PF Resole Synthesis
Properties
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
1. Overview of PF Cure
2. Action of Heat
3. Action of Acids
4. Stability
5. Toxicity
6. Ecological Effects
7. Flammability
Applications
Manufacture of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Using Alkaline Catalyst
Manufacture of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Using Acid Catalyst
Process
Step: 1
Step: 2
Overall Reaction
Manufacturing Process
Technology
Pollution Potential
PF Resole Synthesis and Curing
PF Synthesis and Curing Parameters
36. ALKALINE PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
37. FURFURYL ALCOHOL PHENOL UREA FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
38. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN (SHELL SAND RESIN)
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
39. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN (COLD BOX RESIN)
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
List of Equipments
List of Major Raw Materials
40. EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
Description of ETP Unit
ETP Flow Diagram
Water Balance
41. STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION
Standards
British Standards Relating to Thermosets
British/European Norm Standards Relating to Thermosets
British/European/International Standards Relevant to Thermosets
42. MARKETING OF THERMOSET RESINS
Acrylics
Alkyds
Amino Resins
Bismaleimides
Epoxy
Furane
Hybrids
Phenolics
Polyimides
Unsaturated Polyester
Polyurethanes
Vinyl Esters
Transport
Environment and Recycling
43. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
44. SAMPLE PLANT LAYOUT
45. MACHINERY SUPPLIERS FOR PHENOLIC RESIN
Distillation Column
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser
Chemical Storage Tank
Jacketed Reactor
Chemical Process Reactor
Stainless Steel Mixing Vessel/Mixing Tank
Fractional Distillation Column
Oil Water Separators
Chemical Storage Tank
Chemical Reactor
Reaction Vessel
Heat Exchanger
Jacketed reaction Vessel
Reaction Kettle
Blending Tank
Buffer Tank
Condenser
Boiler
Resin Kettle
Weighing Machine
Resin Storage Tank
Distillation Column
High Speed Disperser
Double Cone Blender
Jacketed Reactorsses
2. RAW MATERIALS
Phenols, Physical Properties of Phenol, Cumene Process (Hock Process), Cresols and Xylenols â€" Synthesis Methods, Alkylphenols, Phenols from Coal and Petroleum, Other Phenolic Compounds, Resorcinol, Bisphenol-A, Formaldehyde, Properties and Processing, Paraformaldehyde, Trioxane and Cyclic Formals, Hexamethylenetetramine, HMTA, Furfural, Other Aldehydes
3. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
General Reaction of Phenols with Aldehydes, The Resoles, Curing Stages of Resoles, Kinetics of A-Stage Reaction, Chemistry of Curing Reactions, Kinetics of the Curing Reaction, The Novolacs, Decomposition Products of Resites, Acid-Cured Resites, Composition of Technical Resites
4. PHENOLIC RESINS FROM HIGHER ALDEHYDES
Acetaldehyde, Butyraldehyde, Chloral, Furfural, Acrolein
5. PHENOLIC RESINS FROM POLYHYDRIC PHENOLS
6. REACTION MECHANISMS
Molecular Structure and Reactivity of Phenols, Formaldehyde-Water and
Formaldehyde-Alcohol Equilibria, Phenol-Formaldehyde Reaction under Alkaline Conditions, Inorganic Catalysts and Tertiary Amines, Ammonia, HMTA and Amine-Catalyzed Reactions, Reaction Kinetics of the Base-Catalyzed Hydroxymethylation, Prepolymer Formation, Resole Cross-Linking Reactions. Quinone Methides, Acid Curing, Heat Curing, Phenol-Formaldehyde Reactions under Acidic Conditions, Reaction Kinetics in Acidic Medium, Reaction under Weak Acidic Conditions. “High-Orthoâ€-Novolak Resins, Novolak Cross-Linking Reaction with HMTA, Reaction with Epoxide Resins, Reactions with Diisocyanates
7. THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, X-Ray Examination, Electron Microscope Examination, The Isogel Theory of Phenoplast Structure, The Spherocolloid Theory of Phenoplast Structure, Further Swelling Experiments, Development of Structure in A-Stage Resin, General Picture of Phenoplast Structure, Structure of Cast Phenoplasts
8. RESIN PRODUCTION
9. FILLERS FOR PHENOLIC RESIN MOULDING POWDERS
Types of Filler, Effect of Filler on Impact Strength and Damping, Microscopic Structure of Fillers, Ratio of Resin to Filler, Standard Classification of Phenoplast Molding Powder According to Filler, Properties of Individual Fillers, Cellulose Derivatives, Wood Flour, Walnut-Shell Flour, Cottonseed Hulls, Cellulosic Fibers, Textile By-Products, Proteinaceous Fillers, Carbon Fillers, Mineral Fillers
10. FILLERS AND RESINS FOR LAMINATES
Classification of Laminates, Laminated Phenolic Sheets, Laminated Phenolic Tubes (NEMA Classi-fication), High Strength Paper Laminates, Plastic Bonded Cotton Fiber, Glass Fabric Filler, Resins used for Laminates
11 PHYSIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Toxicology of Phenols, Toxicology of Formaldehyde, Environmental Protection, Waste Water and Exhaust Air Treatment Processes, Microbial Transformation and Degradation, Chemical Oxidation and Resinification Reactions, Thermal and Catalytic Incineration, Extraction Processes and Recovering, Activated Carbon Process, Gas Scrubbing Processes
12. DEGRADATION OF PHENOLIC RESINS BY HEAT, OXYGEN AND HIGH ENERGY RADIATION
Thermal Degradation, Oxidation Reactions, Degradation by High Energy Radiation
13. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MOLDED PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Mechanical Properties Covered, Pheno-plast Properties at Room Temperature, Effect of Degree of Cure on Physical Properties, Tensile Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Shear Strength, Bearing Strength, Impact Resistance, Creep and Stress Endurance, Fatigue Resistance, Influence of Temperature on Mechanical Properties, Influence of Temperature on Creep, Theoretical Discussion of Strength Properties of Phenoplasts, Strength-Weight Comparisons with Metals
14. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LAMINATED PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Mechanical Properties at Ordinary Temperatures, Tensile Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Shear Strength, Bearing Strength, Impact Resistance, Creep and Stress Endurance, Fatigue Resistance, Abrasion Resistance, Influence of Temperature on Mechanical Properties, Effect of Resin Content on Mechanical Properties, Effect of Moisture Content of Paper Filler Before Lamination, Effect of Laminating Pressure, Effect of Degree of Cure, Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties, Mechanical Properties of Post-Formed Laminates, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Shear Strength, Impact Strength, Water Absorption
15. MODIFIED AND THERMAL-RESISTANT RESINS
Etherification Reactions, Esterification Reaction, Boron-Modified Resins, Silicon-Modified Resins, Phosphorus-Modified Resins, Heavy Metal-Modified Resins, Nitrogen-Modified Resins, Sulfur-Modified
Resins
16. COMPOSITE WOOD MATERIALS
Wood, Residues of Annual Plants, Adhesives and Wood Gluing, Phenol Resins, Urea and Melamine Resins, Diisocyanates, Lignosulfonates, Bark Extracts, Physical Properties of Composite Wood Materials, Particle Boards, Wood Chips, Resins and Additives, Wood Chips, Resins, Hydrophobic Agents, Fungicides and Insecticides, Flame Retardants, Production of Particle Boards, Chip Blending, Pressing of Particle Boards, Properties of Particle Boards, Plywood, Resins, Additives and Formulations, Production of Plywood, High-Densified Plywood, Fiber Boards, Wood Fibers, Resins and Additives, Production of Fiber Boards, Structural Wood Gluing, Resorcinol Adhesives
17. MOULDING COMPOUNDS
Standardization and Minimum Properties, Composition of Molding Powders, Resins, Fillers, Reinforcements and Additives, Wood Flour and Cellulose Fibers, Asbestos, Mineral Flour, Other Fillers and Fibers, Colorants, Lubricants and Release Agents, Production of Molding Powders, Thermoset Flow, Manufacturing of Molded Parts, Compression Molding, Transfer Molding, Injection Molding, Selected Properties, Thermal Resistance, Shrinkage and Post-Mold Shrinkage, Thermal Expansion
18. HEAT AND SOUND INSULATION MATERIALS
Inorganic Fiber Insulating Materials, Inorganic Fibers and Fiber Production, Resins and Formulation, Properties of Fiber Mats, Phenolic Resin Foam, Resins and Additives, Blowing Agents, Surfactants, Foaming Equipment, Foam Properties, Sound Insulating Textile Fiber Mats.
19. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Coefficient of Expansion, Flame Resistance
20. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Water Absorption, Effect of Reagents, Chemical Applications for Phenoplasts, Resistance to Microorganisms
21. OIL SOLUBLE PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Pure Oil-Soluble Phenoplasts, The Modified Phenoplasts, Reactions of the Phenoplasts with Oils
22. FRICTION MATERIALS
Friction and Wear of Thermosets, Formulation of Friction Materials, Fibers, Fillers, Resins, Manufacturing of Brake- and Clutch Linings, Impregnation Process, Wet Mix “Dough†Process, Dry Mix Process
23. PHENOLIC RESINS IN RUBBERS AND ADHESIVES
Mechanisms of Rubber Vulcanization with Phenolic Resins, Thermosetting Alloy Adhesives, Vinyl-Phenolic Structural Adhesives, Nitrile-Phenolic Structural Adhesives, Phenolic Resins in Contact Adhesives, Chloroprene-Phenolic Contact Adhesives, Nitrile-Phenolic Contact Adhesives, Phenolic Resins in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Rubber-Reinforcing Resins, Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Latex Systems
24. PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS
25. OTHER APPLICATIONS
Carbon and Graphite Materials, Phenolics for Chemical Equipment, Phenolic Resin/Fiber Composites, Phenolic Resin Fibers, Blast Furnace Taphole Mixes, Photo-Resists, Socket Putties, Brush Putties, Tannins, Ion-Exchange-Resins, Casting Resins
26. TECHNICAL MANUFACTURE OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Resin Manufacture, Cast Resins, Resin Varnishes, Resin Compound, Molding Powder, Phenoplast Molding Laminates
27. MOULDING TECHNIQUE FOR PHENOLIC RESINS
Introduction, Compression Molding, Transfer Molding, Injection Molding, Molding Practice, Preheating
28. MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHENOLIC RESINS
Wood Adhesives, Bonding of Insulating Mats, Resins for Bonding Grinding Wheels, Wood Impregnation, Miscellaneous Adhesive Applications, Brake-Lining Resins, Cross Linking of Thermoplasts, War Uses of Phenoplasts.
29. FOUNDRY RESINS
Mold- and Core-Making Processes, Inorganic Binders, Organic Binders, Requirements of Foundry Sands, Shell Molding Process, Precoated "Resin Shell" Sand, Shell Sand Properties, Hot-Box Process, No-Bake Process, Cold-Box Process, Ingot Mold Hot Tops
30. PHENOLIC RESIN CHEMISTRY
Resoles Chemistry
Novolacs Chemistry
Manufacturing Plant and Procedure
Properties
31. BIO-BASED PHENOLIC RESINS
Tannin
32. FLEXIBILIZATION OF PHENOLIC
Tests Performed on Unmodified Phenolic Resin
Physical-Mechanical Characteristics
IR-Tests
NMR-Tests
33. FLORAL FOAM (PHENOLIC FOAM) WITH RESIN MANUFACTURING
When Working with Floral Foams
Types of Floral Foam
Wet Foam
Liquid Foam Process
Dry Foam
Foam Ingredients
Dry Hard Foam Process
Color Foam
Products
Foam Brick
Foam Dome
Properties of Floral Foam
Manufacturing Process
Resol Resin Preparation
Floral Foam Production
Process Flow Diagram
34. LIGNIN-BASED PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE (LPF) RESINS
Lignin
Lignin Modification Techniques
Methylolation and Phenolation
Lignin Thermolysis Techniques
Pyrolysis
Hydrogenolysis
Oxidation
Hydrolysis
35. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin
PF Resole Synthesis
Properties
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
1. Overview of PF Cure
2. Action of Heat
3. Action of Acids
4. Stability
5. Toxicity
6. Ecological Effects
7. Flammability
Applications
Manufacture of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Using Alkaline Catalyst
Manufacture of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Using Acid Catalyst
Process
Step: 1
Step: 2
Overall Reaction
Manufacturing Process
Technology
Pollution Potential
PF Resole Synthesis and Curing
PF Synthesis and Curing Parameters
36. ALKALINE PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
37. FURFURYL ALCOHOL PHENOL UREA FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
38. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN (SHELL SAND RESIN)
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
39. PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESIN (COLD BOX RESIN)
Manufacturing Process
Material Balance
Reaction Chemistry
Process Flow Diagram
List of Equipments
List of Major Raw Materials
40. EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
Description of ETP Unit
ETP Flow Diagram
Water Balance
41. STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION
Standards
British Standards Relating to Thermosets
British/European Norm Standards Relating to Thermosets
British/European/International Standards Relevant to Thermosets
42. MARKETING OF THERMOSET RESINS
Acrylics
Alkyds
Amino Resins
Bismaleimides
Epoxy
Furane
Hybrids
Phenolics
Polyimides
Unsaturated Polyester
Polyurethanes
Vinyl Esters
Transport
Environment and Recycling
43. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
44. SAMPLE PLANT LAYOUT
45. MACHINERY SUPPLIERS FOR PHENOLIC RESIN
Distillation Column
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser
Chemical Storage Tank
Jacketed Reactor
Chemical Process Reactor
Stainless Steel Mixing Vessel/Mixing Tank
Fractional Distillation Column
Oil Water Separators
Chemical Storage Tank
Chemical Reactor
Reaction Vessel
Heat Exchanger
Jacketed reaction Vessel
Reaction Kettle
Blending Tank
Buffer Tank
Condenser
Boiler
Resin Kettle
Weighing Machine
Resin Storage Tank
Distillation Column
High Speed Disperser
Double Cone Blender
Jacketed Reactorsses
About NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES (NPCS) is a reliable name in the industrial world for offering integrated technical consultancy services. NPCS is manned by engineers, planners, specialists, financial experts, economic analysts and design specialists with extensive experience in the related industries.
Our various services are: Detailed Project Report, Business Plan for Manufacturing Plant, Start-up Ideas, Business Ideas for Entrepreneurs, Start up Business Opportunities, entrepreneurship projects, Successful Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, project report, Cost and Revenue, Pre-feasibility study for Profitable Manufacturing Business, Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities, Business Opportunities, Investment Opportunities for Most Profitable Business in India, Manufacturing Business Ideas, Preparation of Project Profile, Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Study, Market Research Study, Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Report, Identification and Selection of Plant, Process, Equipment, General Guidance, Startup Help, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial project and Most Profitable Small Scale Business.
NPCS also publishes varies process technology, technical, reference, self employment and startup books, directory, business and industry database, bankable detailed project report, market research report on various industries, small scale industry and profit making business. Besides being used by manufacturers, industrialists and entrepreneurs, our publications are also used by professionals including project engineers, information services bureau, consultants and project consultancy firms as one of the input in their research.