Modern Technology of Industrial Chemicals
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Author: NIIR Board |
Growth in demand for chemicals in developing countries is high leading to substantial cross border investment in the chemical sector. In modern age chemical industries have permeated most extensively in comparison with other industries and are progressing at a very rapid pace. The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. The applications of industrial chemical are in various fields like in dyes, chemical explosives and rocket propellants, fertilizers etc. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials into more than 70,000 different products. Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, as well as thousands inputs to agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and service industries. Chemical industries produce chemicals from various products like chemical from milk, fats, coal, oranges, wood etc and utilized in many industries like dye, textile, fertilizers etc. Some of the examples of industrial chemicals are acetophenone, alletrhin, calcium cyanamide, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroquinone etc. The chemical industry itself consumes 26 percent of its own output. Chemical industry is one of the oldest industries in India. It not only plays a crucial role in meeting the daily needs of the common man, but also contributes significantly towards industrial and economic growth of the nation. The chemical industry forms the backbone of the industrial and agricultural development and provides building blocks for downstream industries; it is an important constituent of the Indian economy. Global chemical production is growing and the growth is contributed by the chemical industry of developing countries. The chemical industry in India which generates almost 13% of total national export is growing annually at a growth rate anywhere between 10% and 12%.
This book basically deals with properties, formulae, manufacturing of chemicals, purification of the product and efficiency of the product. The major contents of the book are dye application, granulated fertilizers; purification includes dehydrogenation and further distillation, carotene and chlorophyll: commercial chromatographic production, chemical explosives & rocket propellants, chemicals from acetaldehyde, chemicals from fats, chemicals from milk, chemicals from oranges so on. This book also deals with manufacturing processes with reaction, technical details, equipments involved in processing etc.
This book elucidates chemicals which have good market potential. The book is a valuable resource for new entrepreneurs, industrialists, research scholars, technical libraries, consultants etc.
This book basically deals with properties, formulae, manufacturing of chemicals, purification of the product and efficiency of the product. The major contents of the book are dye application, granulated fertilizers; purification includes dehydrogenation and further distillation, carotene and chlorophyll: commercial chromatographic production, chemical explosives & rocket propellants, chemicals from acetaldehyde, chemicals from fats, chemicals from milk, chemicals from oranges so on. This book also deals with manufacturing processes with reaction, technical details, equipments involved in processing etc.
This book elucidates chemicals which have good market potential. The book is a valuable resource for new entrepreneurs, industrialists, research scholars, technical libraries, consultants etc.
Contents
1. Acetophenone
Compound Is Used Extensively In The Preparation
Of Perfumes
Three Parts Of Molecule May Be Involved In
Chemical Reactions
Carbide's Acetophenone Is Intermediate In
Continuous Styrene Process
Oxidation Step Yields Mixture Of Acetophenone
And Phenylmethylcarbinol
Caustic Neutralizes About 98% Of Acid Formed During
Oxidation
Ethylbenzene Is Recycled; Acetophenone And Phenylmethylcarbinol Mixture Is Refined
Purification Includes Dehydrogenation And Further
Distillation
Freezing Point Determinations Are Important In Process
Control
Adequate Provision Are Made To Ensure Safety Of
Workers
2. Alcohols By Sodium Reduction
High Pressure Process
Sodium Reduction Process
Description Of Process
Chemical Control
Instrumentation And Control
Safety Provisions
Hot Oil-Circulating System
Materials Of Construction
3. Alletrhin
Efforts Made To Develop Synthetic Insecticide Having Same Desirable Properties In Pyrethrum
Allethrin, An Oily Liquid, Consists Of A Mixture Of Eight Optically Active Isomers
First Series Of Chemical Reactions Involves Synthesis Of Allethrolone
Atmospheric Distillation Employed In Purification Of Crude Allyl Acetone
Ethyl-3-Oxo-6-Heptenoate Is Saponified At Room Temperature With Potassium Hydroxide
Vacuum Operation Minimizes The Thermal Breakdown Of Allethrolone
Preparation Of Chrysanthemum Acid Chloride Is Second Major Phase Of Allethrin Synthesis
Nickel Catalyst Aids Hydrogenation Of The 2,5-Dimethylhexyne-2,5-Diol
Ethyl Glycine Hydrochloride Is An Intermediate In The Preparation Of The Ethyl Diazoacetate
Aqueous Phase Extraction With Ether Recovers Ethyl Diazoacetate
Distillation Of Ethyl Chrysanthemumate Is Carried Out At 10-Mm Pressure
Reaction Of Chrysanthemum Acid Chloride And Allethrolone Produces The Final Product
Either One Of Two Standard Methods May Be Used In Analysis Of Allethrin
Future Market For Allethrin Depends
On Developmental Programs Now In
Progress
4. Amyl Compounds From Pentane
Sharples History
Fundamental Chemistry
Production Of Amyl Compounds
Corrosion
Safety
Control
Economics
Future Prospects
5. Anthracene
Introduction
Properties
Uses And Applications
Industrial Prospects
Process Of Manufacture
Apparatus
Thermometer
Procedure
6. Barium Potassium Chromate Pigment
Manufacturing Procedure
Proposed Production Plant
Field Performance
Future Of Chromate Pigments
7. Calcium Cyanamide
History Of Calcium Cyanamide Process
Chemistry Of Calcium Cyanamide
Coke
Lime
Fluorspar
Briquetting
Calcium Carbide Production
Calcium Cyanamide Production
Calcium Cyanamide Milling
Auxiliary Equipment
Chemical Control
Safety Precautions
Present Markets
Future
8. Calcium Magnesium Aconitate
Srrl Pioneered Initial Laboratory Studies
Usda Operated First Pilot Plant At New Orleans
Godchaux Plant Processes B Molasses And Blackstrap Molasses
Aconitate Precipitation Includes Dilution, Liming And Crystallization
Solids Separation Is Key Step Of Process
Aconitate Is Dried By Gas Heated Conveyor Belts
There Are Still Unknown Factors In Aconitate Production
Potential Raw Material Supplies Are Practically Unlimited
9. Carboxymethylcellulose
Cmc Is Valuable As Thickener, Stabilizer, And Detergency Improver
Solubility Of Cmc Depends On Degree Of Substitution Of Hydroxyl Units
Dry Sodium Monochloroacetate React With Alkali Cellulose In German Batch Process
Continuous Process Uses Monochloroacetic Acid
Other Producers Manufacture Special-Purpose Cmc
Wyandottee Produces Technical Grade Cmc From Bleached Solfite Pulp
Processing Is Continuous In A Three-Zone Rotary Reactor
Pneumatic Atomizers Disperse Monochloro-Acetic Acid In Reactor
Complete Reaction Requires About 3 Hours
Flash Drying Yields Desirable Products
Performance Tests Check Product Quality
Versatility Of Cmc Assures Its Future
10. Carotene And Chlorophyll: Commercial Chromatographic Production
Preparation
Adsorption
Finishing
Production
Future Prospects
11. Chemical Explosives & Rocket Propellants
Introduction
Definition
Chemistry Of Combustion
Fig 1. The Fire Safety Triangle
Historical Development
Classification Of Explosives
Explosives Manufacturing
Tnt (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)
Rdx And Hmx
Hns (2,2'4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrostilbene)
Tatb (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene)
Ddnp (2-Diazo-4,6-Dinitrophenol)
Petn (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate)
Ng (Nitroglycerin Or Glyercol Trinitrate)
Dynamite
Slurry And Emulsion Explosives
Rocket Propellants
Principles Of Rocket Propulsion
Types Of Propellants
Solid Propellants
Single And Double-Base Propellants
Composite Propellants
Propellant Use Criteria
Composite Propellant Manufacture
Liquid Propellants
Physical Properties
Liquid Oxidizers
Liquid Fuels
Monopropellants
Gelled Propellants
12. Chemicals From Acetaldehyde
Steps In Development Of Acetaldehyde Process
The Hoechst Plant
Outlook
Acetaldehyde To Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid Process
Acetaldehyde To Ethyl Acetate
Butyl Acetate
Methoxybutylacetate
13. Chemicals From Fats
Chemical Nature Of Fats And Fatty Acids
Chemistry Of Fat And Fatty Acid Processing
Developments By Armour
Processing Of Fatty Acids
Auxiliary Installations
Chemical Control
Products And Their Uses
14. Chemicals From Milk
Raw Material
Processing
Casein
Milk Protein Powder
Caseinates
Whey Proteins
Milk Sugar
Casein Hydrolyzates
Tyrosin Production
Packaging
Materials Of Construction
15. Chemicals From Oranges
Juice Products Require Top Grade Fruit
Three Types Of Extractors Remove The Juice
Frozen Concentrate Represents An Increasing Outlet For Orange Growers
Oil-Bearing Liquors Pressed From Orange Peel Yield Orange Oil
Meal And Molasses Are Produced From Peel Not Used In Pectin Production After Oil Extraction
Several Types Of Pectin May Be Hydrolyzed From Orange Peel 306
Citrus Peel Is Source Of Bioflavonoids Or "Vitamin P" Material 308
Proper Design Of Processing Plant And Equipment Limits Juice Spoilage And Product Contamination
Plant Waste Waters Operate Disposal Farm
Seasonal Nature Of Operations Is Important Factor In Citrus Processing
16. Chemicals From Wood
History Of Marathon Process
Chemistry Of Marathon's Lignosulfonates
Spent Liquor From 50,000 Tons Of Pulp
Fate Of Calcium Lignosulfonate (Organic Precipitate)
Vanillin Process Effluent
Vanillin Effluent A
Vanillin Effluent B
Salts Of Organic Acids
Operating Technology
17. Chloroquine Manufacture
Process Development
Plant Process
Product Handling
Control
18. Dye Application, Manufacture Of Dye Intermediates & Dye
Introduction
Textile Fibers
Natural Fibers
Regenerated Fibers
Synthetic Fibres
Dye Classification
Acid Dyes
Basic Or Cationic Dyes
Direct Dyes
Disperse Dyes
Reactive Dyes
Sulfur Dyes
Vat Dyes
Combinations
The Application Of Dyes
Fiber Preparation
Dye-Bath Preparation
Finishing
Dyeing Methods/Batch
Printing
Pigment Dyeing And Printing
Nontextile Uses Of Dyes
Dye Intermediates
Nitration
Reduction
The Manufacture Of Dyes
Nitro Dyes
Azo Dyes
Manufacturing Processes For Azo Dyes
Triphenylmethane Dyes
Xanthene Dyes
Anthraquinone And Related Dyes
Sulfur Dyes
Phthalocyanines
New Development In Dyes
19. Fine Chemicals From Coal
Chattanooga Plant Of Tennessee Products And Chemical Corporation
Benzoic Acid And Sodium Benzoate
Benzene Hexachloride
Toluene-Acid Recovery System
Utilities And Instrumentation
Future Prospects
20. Formaldehyde From Methanol
Manufacturing Processes
Commercial Processes Using Methanol
Other Processes
Methanol
Air Supply
Reaction
Catalyst
Absorption
Distillation
Start-Up
Instrumentation
Analytical Control
21. Granulated Fertilizers By Continuous Ammoniation
Chemistry Enters The Field
From Batch To Continuous Operation
Many Variables Affect Granulation
The Ball Starts Rolling
Gravimetric Feeders Control Solids
Ammoniation And Granulation In One Step
Design Changes Have Been Recommended
Technology Is Changing
22. Granulated Triple Superphosphate
Large Deposits Of Phosphate Rock In Florida
Chemistry Of The Process
Phosphoric Acid And Rock React
Waste Disposal
Phosphate Rock Reacts With Sulfuric Acid.
Utilities
Fume And Dust Control
Analytical And Quality Control
Maintenance And Repair
Materials And Labor Required
Typical Analyses Of Rock
Typical Product Analyses
Corrosion
23. Hydroquinone Manufacture
Preparation Of Quinone
Quinone Separation
Reduction To Hydroquinone
Purification Of Hydroquinone
Safety Precautions
Laboratory Tests
Uses Of Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone Derivatives And The Future
Compound Is Used Extensively In The Preparation
Of Perfumes
Three Parts Of Molecule May Be Involved In
Chemical Reactions
Carbide's Acetophenone Is Intermediate In
Continuous Styrene Process
Oxidation Step Yields Mixture Of Acetophenone
And Phenylmethylcarbinol
Caustic Neutralizes About 98% Of Acid Formed During
Oxidation
Ethylbenzene Is Recycled; Acetophenone And Phenylmethylcarbinol Mixture Is Refined
Purification Includes Dehydrogenation And Further
Distillation
Freezing Point Determinations Are Important In Process
Control
Adequate Provision Are Made To Ensure Safety Of
Workers
2. Alcohols By Sodium Reduction
High Pressure Process
Sodium Reduction Process
Description Of Process
Chemical Control
Instrumentation And Control
Safety Provisions
Hot Oil-Circulating System
Materials Of Construction
3. Alletrhin
Efforts Made To Develop Synthetic Insecticide Having Same Desirable Properties In Pyrethrum
Allethrin, An Oily Liquid, Consists Of A Mixture Of Eight Optically Active Isomers
First Series Of Chemical Reactions Involves Synthesis Of Allethrolone
Atmospheric Distillation Employed In Purification Of Crude Allyl Acetone
Ethyl-3-Oxo-6-Heptenoate Is Saponified At Room Temperature With Potassium Hydroxide
Vacuum Operation Minimizes The Thermal Breakdown Of Allethrolone
Preparation Of Chrysanthemum Acid Chloride Is Second Major Phase Of Allethrin Synthesis
Nickel Catalyst Aids Hydrogenation Of The 2,5-Dimethylhexyne-2,5-Diol
Ethyl Glycine Hydrochloride Is An Intermediate In The Preparation Of The Ethyl Diazoacetate
Aqueous Phase Extraction With Ether Recovers Ethyl Diazoacetate
Distillation Of Ethyl Chrysanthemumate Is Carried Out At 10-Mm Pressure
Reaction Of Chrysanthemum Acid Chloride And Allethrolone Produces The Final Product
Either One Of Two Standard Methods May Be Used In Analysis Of Allethrin
Future Market For Allethrin Depends
On Developmental Programs Now In
Progress
4. Amyl Compounds From Pentane
Sharples History
Fundamental Chemistry
Production Of Amyl Compounds
Corrosion
Safety
Control
Economics
Future Prospects
5. Anthracene
Introduction
Properties
Uses And Applications
Industrial Prospects
Process Of Manufacture
Apparatus
Thermometer
Procedure
6. Barium Potassium Chromate Pigment
Manufacturing Procedure
Proposed Production Plant
Field Performance
Future Of Chromate Pigments
7. Calcium Cyanamide
History Of Calcium Cyanamide Process
Chemistry Of Calcium Cyanamide
Coke
Lime
Fluorspar
Briquetting
Calcium Carbide Production
Calcium Cyanamide Production
Calcium Cyanamide Milling
Auxiliary Equipment
Chemical Control
Safety Precautions
Present Markets
Future
8. Calcium Magnesium Aconitate
Srrl Pioneered Initial Laboratory Studies
Usda Operated First Pilot Plant At New Orleans
Godchaux Plant Processes B Molasses And Blackstrap Molasses
Aconitate Precipitation Includes Dilution, Liming And Crystallization
Solids Separation Is Key Step Of Process
Aconitate Is Dried By Gas Heated Conveyor Belts
There Are Still Unknown Factors In Aconitate Production
Potential Raw Material Supplies Are Practically Unlimited
9. Carboxymethylcellulose
Cmc Is Valuable As Thickener, Stabilizer, And Detergency Improver
Solubility Of Cmc Depends On Degree Of Substitution Of Hydroxyl Units
Dry Sodium Monochloroacetate React With Alkali Cellulose In German Batch Process
Continuous Process Uses Monochloroacetic Acid
Other Producers Manufacture Special-Purpose Cmc
Wyandottee Produces Technical Grade Cmc From Bleached Solfite Pulp
Processing Is Continuous In A Three-Zone Rotary Reactor
Pneumatic Atomizers Disperse Monochloro-Acetic Acid In Reactor
Complete Reaction Requires About 3 Hours
Flash Drying Yields Desirable Products
Performance Tests Check Product Quality
Versatility Of Cmc Assures Its Future
10. Carotene And Chlorophyll: Commercial Chromatographic Production
Preparation
Adsorption
Finishing
Production
Future Prospects
11. Chemical Explosives & Rocket Propellants
Introduction
Definition
Chemistry Of Combustion
Fig 1. The Fire Safety Triangle
Historical Development
Classification Of Explosives
Explosives Manufacturing
Tnt (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene)
Rdx And Hmx
Hns (2,2'4,4',6,6'-Hexanitrostilbene)
Tatb (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene)
Ddnp (2-Diazo-4,6-Dinitrophenol)
Petn (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate)
Ng (Nitroglycerin Or Glyercol Trinitrate)
Dynamite
Slurry And Emulsion Explosives
Rocket Propellants
Principles Of Rocket Propulsion
Types Of Propellants
Solid Propellants
Single And Double-Base Propellants
Composite Propellants
Propellant Use Criteria
Composite Propellant Manufacture
Liquid Propellants
Physical Properties
Liquid Oxidizers
Liquid Fuels
Monopropellants
Gelled Propellants
12. Chemicals From Acetaldehyde
Steps In Development Of Acetaldehyde Process
The Hoechst Plant
Outlook
Acetaldehyde To Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid Process
Acetaldehyde To Ethyl Acetate
Butyl Acetate
Methoxybutylacetate
13. Chemicals From Fats
Chemical Nature Of Fats And Fatty Acids
Chemistry Of Fat And Fatty Acid Processing
Developments By Armour
Processing Of Fatty Acids
Auxiliary Installations
Chemical Control
Products And Their Uses
14. Chemicals From Milk
Raw Material
Processing
Casein
Milk Protein Powder
Caseinates
Whey Proteins
Milk Sugar
Casein Hydrolyzates
Tyrosin Production
Packaging
Materials Of Construction
15. Chemicals From Oranges
Juice Products Require Top Grade Fruit
Three Types Of Extractors Remove The Juice
Frozen Concentrate Represents An Increasing Outlet For Orange Growers
Oil-Bearing Liquors Pressed From Orange Peel Yield Orange Oil
Meal And Molasses Are Produced From Peel Not Used In Pectin Production After Oil Extraction
Several Types Of Pectin May Be Hydrolyzed From Orange Peel 306
Citrus Peel Is Source Of Bioflavonoids Or "Vitamin P" Material 308
Proper Design Of Processing Plant And Equipment Limits Juice Spoilage And Product Contamination
Plant Waste Waters Operate Disposal Farm
Seasonal Nature Of Operations Is Important Factor In Citrus Processing
16. Chemicals From Wood
History Of Marathon Process
Chemistry Of Marathon's Lignosulfonates
Spent Liquor From 50,000 Tons Of Pulp
Fate Of Calcium Lignosulfonate (Organic Precipitate)
Vanillin Process Effluent
Vanillin Effluent A
Vanillin Effluent B
Salts Of Organic Acids
Operating Technology
17. Chloroquine Manufacture
Process Development
Plant Process
Product Handling
Control
18. Dye Application, Manufacture Of Dye Intermediates & Dye
Introduction
Textile Fibers
Natural Fibers
Regenerated Fibers
Synthetic Fibres
Dye Classification
Acid Dyes
Basic Or Cationic Dyes
Direct Dyes
Disperse Dyes
Reactive Dyes
Sulfur Dyes
Vat Dyes
Combinations
The Application Of Dyes
Fiber Preparation
Dye-Bath Preparation
Finishing
Dyeing Methods/Batch
Printing
Pigment Dyeing And Printing
Nontextile Uses Of Dyes
Dye Intermediates
Nitration
Reduction
The Manufacture Of Dyes
Nitro Dyes
Azo Dyes
Manufacturing Processes For Azo Dyes
Triphenylmethane Dyes
Xanthene Dyes
Anthraquinone And Related Dyes
Sulfur Dyes
Phthalocyanines
New Development In Dyes
19. Fine Chemicals From Coal
Chattanooga Plant Of Tennessee Products And Chemical Corporation
Benzoic Acid And Sodium Benzoate
Benzene Hexachloride
Toluene-Acid Recovery System
Utilities And Instrumentation
Future Prospects
20. Formaldehyde From Methanol
Manufacturing Processes
Commercial Processes Using Methanol
Other Processes
Methanol
Air Supply
Reaction
Catalyst
Absorption
Distillation
Start-Up
Instrumentation
Analytical Control
21. Granulated Fertilizers By Continuous Ammoniation
Chemistry Enters The Field
From Batch To Continuous Operation
Many Variables Affect Granulation
The Ball Starts Rolling
Gravimetric Feeders Control Solids
Ammoniation And Granulation In One Step
Design Changes Have Been Recommended
Technology Is Changing
22. Granulated Triple Superphosphate
Large Deposits Of Phosphate Rock In Florida
Chemistry Of The Process
Phosphoric Acid And Rock React
Waste Disposal
Phosphate Rock Reacts With Sulfuric Acid.
Utilities
Fume And Dust Control
Analytical And Quality Control
Maintenance And Repair
Materials And Labor Required
Typical Analyses Of Rock
Typical Product Analyses
Corrosion
23. Hydroquinone Manufacture
Preparation Of Quinone
Quinone Separation
Reduction To Hydroquinone
Purification Of Hydroquinone
Safety Precautions
Laboratory Tests
Uses Of Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone Derivatives And The Future
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