Handbook on Organic Farming and Processing
|
Author: Dr. H. Panda |
India is an agro based country. So organic farming plays an important role in agro field. The popularity of organic farming is gradually increasing and now organic agriculture is practiced in almost all countries of the world, and its share of agricultural land and farms is growing. As the organic food market continues to expand, so do the opportunities for small farmers.
Organic farming has emerged as the only answer to bring sustainability to agriculture and environment.
This handbook is a comprehensive guide to growing, certifying, and marketing organic produce. Organic farming is not only a philosophy, but also a well-researched science that combines soil fertility, plant pathology and other biological and environmental sciences.
The major contents of this book are Sustainable Agriculture, National Programme on organic farming, Integration with organics and biofertilizers, Bulky organic manures and crop residues, Manuring on sight, Manuring potentials, Green Manuring, Production and promotion of organic fertilizers, Vermi composting, Response of crops to organic fertilizers, Phosphate solubilizing, Bacillus thuringiensis, Crop residue management, Integrated nutrient management towards sustainable agriculture, Integrated farming system, Mechanism of nitrogen fixation, Economics and marketing of organic farming.
As we have seen, the booming development taking place in organic farming and marketing offers many opportunities. We will be able to go on contributing to the establishment of organic production systems and this could lead to changes in life style and consumption patterns that will reach far beyond food and nutrition.
This book will be very helpful to soil scientists, microbiologists, biologists, students, new entrepreneurs, fertilizer industries, training centers and to all those interested in efficient use and sustainable farming.
Organic farming has emerged as the only answer to bring sustainability to agriculture and environment.
This handbook is a comprehensive guide to growing, certifying, and marketing organic produce. Organic farming is not only a philosophy, but also a well-researched science that combines soil fertility, plant pathology and other biological and environmental sciences.
The major contents of this book are Sustainable Agriculture, National Programme on organic farming, Integration with organics and biofertilizers, Bulky organic manures and crop residues, Manuring on sight, Manuring potentials, Green Manuring, Production and promotion of organic fertilizers, Vermi composting, Response of crops to organic fertilizers, Phosphate solubilizing, Bacillus thuringiensis, Crop residue management, Integrated nutrient management towards sustainable agriculture, Integrated farming system, Mechanism of nitrogen fixation, Economics and marketing of organic farming.
As we have seen, the booming development taking place in organic farming and marketing offers many opportunities. We will be able to go on contributing to the establishment of organic production systems and this could lead to changes in life style and consumption patterns that will reach far beyond food and nutrition.
This book will be very helpful to soil scientists, microbiologists, biologists, students, new entrepreneurs, fertilizer industries, training centers and to all those interested in efficient use and sustainable farming.
Contents
1. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Evolution of Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Livelihood
2. NATIONAL PROGRAMME ON ORGANIC FARMING
National Programme for Organic Production
Operational Structure of NPOP
Accreditation Agencies
Evaluating Agency
Accredited Inspection and Certification Agencies
Inspectors
Accreditation Regulation 2001
Committee for Accreditation
Application for Accreditation
Updating and Renewal of Accreditation
Power to Issue Guidelines
Logo
Suspension/Termination of Accreditation
Categories for Accreditation
Reciprocity
The National Standards for Organic Products
Guidelines for Organic Production and Processing
Package of Practices
3. INTEGRATION WITH ORGANICS AND BIOFERTILIZERS
Fertilizers
Nutrient Uptake and Removal by Crops
Fertility Status of Soils
Crop Responses to Fertilizer Application
Optimum Application Rates
Integration of Diverse Sources of Plant Nutrients
Some Basic Issues
Farmyard Manure
Green Manures
Rhizobium
Blue Green Algae
Azolla
Conclusions
4. BULKY ORGANIC MANURES AND CROP RESIDUES
Organic Manures and Their Composition
Potential and Available Supplies
Technologies for Quicker and Better Compost Production
Competing Uses of Resources
Fate of Organic Materials in Soil
Effect on Soil Properties
Effect on Crop Yields
Long-term Effects of Organic Manures
Management Aspects
Constraints in Adoption
Future Research Needs
5. MANURING ON SIGHT
In-situ Manuring by Animal
The System
Advantages
Limitations
Verification of Farmers Experiences
Sustainability
Prospects
In-situ Manuring with Plants (Green Manures)
Benefits of Using Green Manures
Enhance Soil Fertility
Supplement for Nutrients
Improved Soil Structure
Prevention of Soil Erosion
Weed Control
Method of Use
Green Manuring in Situ
Green Leaf Manuring
Place in Farming System
Green Manures in Rotation
Green Manures and Undersowing
Long Term Green Manures
Green Manures as Mulch
Green Manures in Agroforestry
Management of Green Manuring
Time of Sowing and Seed Rate
Seed Treatment
Stem Cuttings
Mixed Cropping
Inter Cropping
Border Planting
Phosphorus Response
Digging in Green Manures
The Choice of Green Manure
Other Important Considerations
Achieving Sustainability in the Use of Green Manures
Sustainability
Experiences Worldwide
Conclusions
6. MANURING POTENTIALS
Available Potential of Organic Materials for Ex-Stu Manuring
Organic Resources and Potential
Livestock and Human Wastes
Crop Residues, Tree Wastes and Aquatic Weeds
Urban and Rural Wastes
Agro-Industries Byproducts
Marine Wastes
Agricultural Waste
Crop Residues
Agro-industrial Wastes
Rice Husk
Bagasse
Pressmud
Tea Wastes
Coir Waste
Characteristics of Agricultural Wastes
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
pH
Bio Plant Growth Promoters
Livestock Wastes
Type of Production Unit
Species and Age of Animal
Other Factors
Beef Cattle
Slotted Floors
Dairy Cattle
Utilization of Agricultural Organic Waste
Recycling of Organic Materials for Fertilization
Organic Mulch
Concentrated Organic Manures
Aquatic Weeds
Aquatic Weeds as Source of Energy
Aquatic Weeds as Organic Manures
Oilcakes
How to Use Oilcakes
Cattle, Pig, and Poultry Manures
Poultry
Litter Grown
Cage Grown
Meat-meal
Bloodmeal
Fishmeal
Horn-and-hoofmeal
Collection and Storage of Organic Waste
Economic Value of Organic Waste
Availability of Organic Waste in India
Processing of Agriculture Waste
Conclusion
Economic Considerations
Public Policy
7. GREEN MANURING : NUTRIENT POTENTIALS AND
MANAGEMENT
Green Manures
Role of Green Manuring in Cropping Systems
Fate of Green Manures on Application to Soils
Availability of Essential Nutrients
Crop Responses and Residual Effects
Green Manure Management
Residual and Long-term Effects
Economics of Green Manuring
Constraints of Green Manuring
Future Research Needs
Conclusions
8. PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Definition and Classification
Practical Significance of Biofertilizers
Requirement of Biofertilizers
Production Technology of Biofertilizers
Production of Biofertilizers
Standards and Quality Control
Government Support and Programmes
Constraints
Areas for Future Development
Conclusions
9. VERMI COMPOSTING
Earthworms as Indicators of Soil Fertility
Earthworms and Plant Growth
Interaction of Vermicompost-Earthworm-Mulch-Plantroot (Vemp)
Vermicompost
Recycling of Wastes Through Verm-composting
Minimizing Pollution Hazard
Advantages of Vermi-Compost
Adverse Effects on Crops
Economic Viability
Vermiculture Process
Selection of Suitable Species
Epiges
Endoges
Aneciques
Basic Characteristics of Suitable Species
Fixing Earthworms for Identification
Transport of Fixed Worms to Laboratory
Description of Suitable Species
Family: Lumbricidae
Eisenia foetida (Sav.)
Family: Eudrilidae
Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinb.)
Family: Megascolecidae
Lampito mauritii (Kinb.)
Metaphire anomala Mich. (= Pheretima anomala)
Metaphire posthuma (= Pheretima posthuma)
Perionyx excavatus E. Perr.
Perionyx Sansbaricus Michaelson
Maintenance of Base Culture
Vermicomposting Materials
Animal Dung
Agricultural Waste
Forestry Wastes
City Leaf Litter
Waste Paper and Cotton Cloth etc.
City Refuge
Biogas Slurry
Industrial Wastes
Preliminary Treatment of Composting Material
Pre-Treatment of Leaf Litter and Agricultural Waste
Small Scale or Indoor Vermicomposting
Large Scale or Outdoor Vermicomposting
Requirements for Vermicomposting
Container
Bedding Material
Moisture Content
Temperature
Initiation of Vermiculture in India
10. RESPONSE OF CROPS TO ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN SALT AFFECTED SOILS
Response of Crops in Salt-Affected Soils of Punjab and Haryana
11. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING SOIL ACTINOMYCETES AS BIOFERTILIZERS
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Summary
12. VERMICOMPOSTING OF KITCHEN WASTE
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
13. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS : AN EFFECTIVE BIOINSECTICIDE
Criteria for Microbial Insecticide
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
Summary
14. COMPOSTING OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Definition
Principles of Composting
Agricultural Wastes
Methods for Composting of Agricultural Wastes
Indore Method
Activated Compost
Banglore Method
NADEP Compost
Coimbatore Method
Synthetic Compost
Windrow Composting (Leaf Compost)
Accelerated Composting and Enrichment
Vermi-composting
Animal Waste Composting
Oil Palm Waste Composting
Phospho-Compost
Reinforced Compost from Sugarcane Trash and Pressmud
Enriched FYM (EFYM)
Weed Composting
Composting of Parthenium
Hints for Composting Agricultural Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Composting of Coir Pith
Composting of Pressmud
Using Distillery Effluent
Using Microbial Inoculum
Using Pressmud and Distillery Effluent
Conclusion
Future Needs
15. CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT
Residue Management
Crop Residue Potential
Crop Residue Components
Crop Residue Uses
Effect on Soil Management
Residues with Fertilizer
Effect of Residues on N Fertilization
Future Research Needs
16. INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Need for INM
Concepts and Approaches
Components of Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies
Reduction of Losses from Applied Inorganic Fertilizers
Application to synchronize with the demands of Crops
Timing, Placement and Choice of Fertilizers
Controlled Release of Nutrients
Crop Choice
Retention of Native Soil Nutrients
Alternate or Supplementary Sources of Nutrients
Biofertilizers in INM
Blue Green Algae
Azolla
Azospirillum spp. (A. Lipoferum and A. brasilense)
Rhizobium
Phospobacteria
VAM
Organic Manures
Municipal and Sewage Wastes
Composting of Organic Wastes
Crop Residue Management
Green Manuring
Non-conventional Green Manures
Oil Cakes
Legumes in INM
Legumes Grown in System
Legumes as Intercrops
INM Cropping System
Rice-based Cropping System
Cotton-based Cropping System
Wheat-based Cropping Systems
Sugarcane-based Cropping System
INM and Long Term Studies
Future Strategies
17. MECHANISM OF NITROGEN FIXATION
18. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
Definitions
Advantages of IFS
1. Productivity
2. Profitability
3. Potentiality/Sustainability
4. Balanced Food
5. Environmental Safety
6. Recycling
7. Income Round the Year
8. Adoption of New Technology
9. Saving Energy
10. Meeting Fodder Crisis
11. Solving Fuel and Timber Crisis
12. Employment Generation
13. Agro-industries
14. Increasing Input Efficiency
15. Increasing the Standard of Living of the Farmer
Integration of Subsystem in Farming System
Aquaculture
Paddy-cum-fish Culture
Duck-cum-Fish Culture
Fish-cum-Poultry Farming
Fish-cum-Pig Farming
Sericulture and Fish Farming
Biogas Plants
Mushroom Cultivation
Mushroom Cultivation
Spawn Running Room
Cropping Room
Approximate Size of the Rack of Cropping Room
Materials Required
Preparation of Cylindrical Beds
Making Ready the Substrate
Making Ready the Polythene Bags
Making Ready the Spawn
Spawning the Bed
Spawn Running and Opening of Beds
Cropping
Harvesting Mushroom
Packing and Storage
Animal Husbandry
Dairy Farming
Sheep and Goat
Piggery
Rabbit
Poultry Farming
Japanese Quail
Ducks
Pigeons
Disease
Agroforestry
(i) Agri-silviculture System
(ii) Silvipasture System
(iii) Silvi-horti-pastural System
I. Coastal Alluvium
II. Riverine Alluvium
III. Red Gravelly Soil
IV. Lateritic Soil
V. Black Soil (clay loam soil)
VI. Sandy Red Loam
VII. Calcareous Soil
VIII. Problem Soils
(a) Saline and Alkaline Soils
(b) Mined Areas
(c) Theri Soils
Sericulture
Manuring
Season
Planting
Quantity of Cuttings
Varieties
Pruning
Leaf Harvest
Leaf Yield
Silkworm Rearing
Life Cycle
IFS under lowland Condition
IFS Under Garden Land Conditions
IFS Under Rainfed Conditions
Coconut based Integrated Farming System
Crop Components
Future Needs
19. RECOMMENDATIONS
20. ECONOMICS AND MARKETING OF ORGANIC FARMING
Economic Viability
The Challenge of Going Organic
Farm Production and Profit
Microeconomic Aspects
Output Mix
Output Value
Input Mix
Input Value
Labor Costs
Benefits for Farmers
Employment Generation
Total Concept Approach
Rural and Community Development
Quality of Organic Product
Product Prices
The Organic Market
Growth
Constraints and Opportunities
Unfair Trends in the Market
Fair Trade
Fair Trade and Trade Development
Small Farmers Disadvantaged
Dilemma
Fair Trade Labeling
Promoters of Fair Trade
Action for Fair Trade
Progress in Fair Trade Marketing
Protectionism
Priority to Local Economics
Strengthening Local Economics
Critical Factors
Challenges
Trade Opportunities
New Opportunities in a Growing Market
Alternative Markets
Role of the Trader
Quality Guarantee
The Consumer
Retailing Arrangements
Dilemma of the Farmer
Processing
Marketing of Perishables organic Produce-study in Bangalore, India
Fruits and Coconuts
Milk
Potatoes
Exclusive Outlets for Organic Products
Lessons Learnt
Certification of Organic Produce
The Standards
Trading
Serious Barriers
Meaning of Certified Organic
Partnerships are Needed
Organic Farmers and Export Markets: The Role of Co-operative - Case Study form India
IFOAM and Certification
IFOAM and Accreditation
Organic Foods Certification in India
Introduction of Certification in India for Organic Agri Exports
Suggestion
India Needs
Conclusion
Evolution of Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Livelihood
2. NATIONAL PROGRAMME ON ORGANIC FARMING
National Programme for Organic Production
Operational Structure of NPOP
Accreditation Agencies
Evaluating Agency
Accredited Inspection and Certification Agencies
Inspectors
Accreditation Regulation 2001
Committee for Accreditation
Application for Accreditation
Updating and Renewal of Accreditation
Power to Issue Guidelines
Logo
Suspension/Termination of Accreditation
Categories for Accreditation
Reciprocity
The National Standards for Organic Products
Guidelines for Organic Production and Processing
Package of Practices
3. INTEGRATION WITH ORGANICS AND BIOFERTILIZERS
Fertilizers
Nutrient Uptake and Removal by Crops
Fertility Status of Soils
Crop Responses to Fertilizer Application
Optimum Application Rates
Integration of Diverse Sources of Plant Nutrients
Some Basic Issues
Farmyard Manure
Green Manures
Rhizobium
Blue Green Algae
Azolla
Conclusions
4. BULKY ORGANIC MANURES AND CROP RESIDUES
Organic Manures and Their Composition
Potential and Available Supplies
Technologies for Quicker and Better Compost Production
Competing Uses of Resources
Fate of Organic Materials in Soil
Effect on Soil Properties
Effect on Crop Yields
Long-term Effects of Organic Manures
Management Aspects
Constraints in Adoption
Future Research Needs
5. MANURING ON SIGHT
In-situ Manuring by Animal
The System
Advantages
Limitations
Verification of Farmers Experiences
Sustainability
Prospects
In-situ Manuring with Plants (Green Manures)
Benefits of Using Green Manures
Enhance Soil Fertility
Supplement for Nutrients
Improved Soil Structure
Prevention of Soil Erosion
Weed Control
Method of Use
Green Manuring in Situ
Green Leaf Manuring
Place in Farming System
Green Manures in Rotation
Green Manures and Undersowing
Long Term Green Manures
Green Manures as Mulch
Green Manures in Agroforestry
Management of Green Manuring
Time of Sowing and Seed Rate
Seed Treatment
Stem Cuttings
Mixed Cropping
Inter Cropping
Border Planting
Phosphorus Response
Digging in Green Manures
The Choice of Green Manure
Other Important Considerations
Achieving Sustainability in the Use of Green Manures
Sustainability
Experiences Worldwide
Conclusions
6. MANURING POTENTIALS
Available Potential of Organic Materials for Ex-Stu Manuring
Organic Resources and Potential
Livestock and Human Wastes
Crop Residues, Tree Wastes and Aquatic Weeds
Urban and Rural Wastes
Agro-Industries Byproducts
Marine Wastes
Agricultural Waste
Crop Residues
Agro-industrial Wastes
Rice Husk
Bagasse
Pressmud
Tea Wastes
Coir Waste
Characteristics of Agricultural Wastes
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
pH
Bio Plant Growth Promoters
Livestock Wastes
Type of Production Unit
Species and Age of Animal
Other Factors
Beef Cattle
Slotted Floors
Dairy Cattle
Utilization of Agricultural Organic Waste
Recycling of Organic Materials for Fertilization
Organic Mulch
Concentrated Organic Manures
Aquatic Weeds
Aquatic Weeds as Source of Energy
Aquatic Weeds as Organic Manures
Oilcakes
How to Use Oilcakes
Cattle, Pig, and Poultry Manures
Poultry
Litter Grown
Cage Grown
Meat-meal
Bloodmeal
Fishmeal
Horn-and-hoofmeal
Collection and Storage of Organic Waste
Economic Value of Organic Waste
Availability of Organic Waste in India
Processing of Agriculture Waste
Conclusion
Economic Considerations
Public Policy
7. GREEN MANURING : NUTRIENT POTENTIALS AND
MANAGEMENT
Green Manures
Role of Green Manuring in Cropping Systems
Fate of Green Manures on Application to Soils
Availability of Essential Nutrients
Crop Responses and Residual Effects
Green Manure Management
Residual and Long-term Effects
Economics of Green Manuring
Constraints of Green Manuring
Future Research Needs
Conclusions
8. PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Definition and Classification
Practical Significance of Biofertilizers
Requirement of Biofertilizers
Production Technology of Biofertilizers
Production of Biofertilizers
Standards and Quality Control
Government Support and Programmes
Constraints
Areas for Future Development
Conclusions
9. VERMI COMPOSTING
Earthworms as Indicators of Soil Fertility
Earthworms and Plant Growth
Interaction of Vermicompost-Earthworm-Mulch-Plantroot (Vemp)
Vermicompost
Recycling of Wastes Through Verm-composting
Minimizing Pollution Hazard
Advantages of Vermi-Compost
Adverse Effects on Crops
Economic Viability
Vermiculture Process
Selection of Suitable Species
Epiges
Endoges
Aneciques
Basic Characteristics of Suitable Species
Fixing Earthworms for Identification
Transport of Fixed Worms to Laboratory
Description of Suitable Species
Family: Lumbricidae
Eisenia foetida (Sav.)
Family: Eudrilidae
Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinb.)
Family: Megascolecidae
Lampito mauritii (Kinb.)
Metaphire anomala Mich. (= Pheretima anomala)
Metaphire posthuma (= Pheretima posthuma)
Perionyx excavatus E. Perr.
Perionyx Sansbaricus Michaelson
Maintenance of Base Culture
Vermicomposting Materials
Animal Dung
Agricultural Waste
Forestry Wastes
City Leaf Litter
Waste Paper and Cotton Cloth etc.
City Refuge
Biogas Slurry
Industrial Wastes
Preliminary Treatment of Composting Material
Pre-Treatment of Leaf Litter and Agricultural Waste
Small Scale or Indoor Vermicomposting
Large Scale or Outdoor Vermicomposting
Requirements for Vermicomposting
Container
Bedding Material
Moisture Content
Temperature
Initiation of Vermiculture in India
10. RESPONSE OF CROPS TO ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN SALT AFFECTED SOILS
Response of Crops in Salt-Affected Soils of Punjab and Haryana
11. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING SOIL ACTINOMYCETES AS BIOFERTILIZERS
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Summary
12. VERMICOMPOSTING OF KITCHEN WASTE
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
13. BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS : AN EFFECTIVE BIOINSECTICIDE
Criteria for Microbial Insecticide
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
Summary
14. COMPOSTING OF AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Definition
Principles of Composting
Agricultural Wastes
Methods for Composting of Agricultural Wastes
Indore Method
Activated Compost
Banglore Method
NADEP Compost
Coimbatore Method
Synthetic Compost
Windrow Composting (Leaf Compost)
Accelerated Composting and Enrichment
Vermi-composting
Animal Waste Composting
Oil Palm Waste Composting
Phospho-Compost
Reinforced Compost from Sugarcane Trash and Pressmud
Enriched FYM (EFYM)
Weed Composting
Composting of Parthenium
Hints for Composting Agricultural Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Composting of Coir Pith
Composting of Pressmud
Using Distillery Effluent
Using Microbial Inoculum
Using Pressmud and Distillery Effluent
Conclusion
Future Needs
15. CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT
Residue Management
Crop Residue Potential
Crop Residue Components
Crop Residue Uses
Effect on Soil Management
Residues with Fertilizer
Effect of Residues on N Fertilization
Future Research Needs
16. INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Need for INM
Concepts and Approaches
Components of Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies
Reduction of Losses from Applied Inorganic Fertilizers
Application to synchronize with the demands of Crops
Timing, Placement and Choice of Fertilizers
Controlled Release of Nutrients
Crop Choice
Retention of Native Soil Nutrients
Alternate or Supplementary Sources of Nutrients
Biofertilizers in INM
Blue Green Algae
Azolla
Azospirillum spp. (A. Lipoferum and A. brasilense)
Rhizobium
Phospobacteria
VAM
Organic Manures
Municipal and Sewage Wastes
Composting of Organic Wastes
Crop Residue Management
Green Manuring
Non-conventional Green Manures
Oil Cakes
Legumes in INM
Legumes Grown in System
Legumes as Intercrops
INM Cropping System
Rice-based Cropping System
Cotton-based Cropping System
Wheat-based Cropping Systems
Sugarcane-based Cropping System
INM and Long Term Studies
Future Strategies
17. MECHANISM OF NITROGEN FIXATION
18. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
Definitions
Advantages of IFS
1. Productivity
2. Profitability
3. Potentiality/Sustainability
4. Balanced Food
5. Environmental Safety
6. Recycling
7. Income Round the Year
8. Adoption of New Technology
9. Saving Energy
10. Meeting Fodder Crisis
11. Solving Fuel and Timber Crisis
12. Employment Generation
13. Agro-industries
14. Increasing Input Efficiency
15. Increasing the Standard of Living of the Farmer
Integration of Subsystem in Farming System
Aquaculture
Paddy-cum-fish Culture
Duck-cum-Fish Culture
Fish-cum-Poultry Farming
Fish-cum-Pig Farming
Sericulture and Fish Farming
Biogas Plants
Mushroom Cultivation
Mushroom Cultivation
Spawn Running Room
Cropping Room
Approximate Size of the Rack of Cropping Room
Materials Required
Preparation of Cylindrical Beds
Making Ready the Substrate
Making Ready the Polythene Bags
Making Ready the Spawn
Spawning the Bed
Spawn Running and Opening of Beds
Cropping
Harvesting Mushroom
Packing and Storage
Animal Husbandry
Dairy Farming
Sheep and Goat
Piggery
Rabbit
Poultry Farming
Japanese Quail
Ducks
Pigeons
Disease
Agroforestry
(i) Agri-silviculture System
(ii) Silvipasture System
(iii) Silvi-horti-pastural System
I. Coastal Alluvium
II. Riverine Alluvium
III. Red Gravelly Soil
IV. Lateritic Soil
V. Black Soil (clay loam soil)
VI. Sandy Red Loam
VII. Calcareous Soil
VIII. Problem Soils
(a) Saline and Alkaline Soils
(b) Mined Areas
(c) Theri Soils
Sericulture
Manuring
Season
Planting
Quantity of Cuttings
Varieties
Pruning
Leaf Harvest
Leaf Yield
Silkworm Rearing
Life Cycle
IFS under lowland Condition
IFS Under Garden Land Conditions
IFS Under Rainfed Conditions
Coconut based Integrated Farming System
Crop Components
Future Needs
19. RECOMMENDATIONS
20. ECONOMICS AND MARKETING OF ORGANIC FARMING
Economic Viability
The Challenge of Going Organic
Farm Production and Profit
Microeconomic Aspects
Output Mix
Output Value
Input Mix
Input Value
Labor Costs
Benefits for Farmers
Employment Generation
Total Concept Approach
Rural and Community Development
Quality of Organic Product
Product Prices
The Organic Market
Growth
Constraints and Opportunities
Unfair Trends in the Market
Fair Trade
Fair Trade and Trade Development
Small Farmers Disadvantaged
Dilemma
Fair Trade Labeling
Promoters of Fair Trade
Action for Fair Trade
Progress in Fair Trade Marketing
Protectionism
Priority to Local Economics
Strengthening Local Economics
Critical Factors
Challenges
Trade Opportunities
New Opportunities in a Growing Market
Alternative Markets
Role of the Trader
Quality Guarantee
The Consumer
Retailing Arrangements
Dilemma of the Farmer
Processing
Marketing of Perishables organic Produce-study in Bangalore, India
Fruits and Coconuts
Milk
Potatoes
Exclusive Outlets for Organic Products
Lessons Learnt
Certification of Organic Produce
The Standards
Trading
Serious Barriers
Meaning of Certified Organic
Partnerships are Needed
Organic Farmers and Export Markets: The Role of Co-operative - Case Study form India
IFOAM and Certification
IFOAM and Accreditation
Organic Foods Certification in India
Introduction of Certification in India for Organic Agri Exports
Suggestion
India Needs
Conclusion
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NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES (NPCS) is a reliable name in the industrial world for offering integrated technical consultancy services. NPCS is manned by engineers, planners, specialists, financial experts, economic analysts and design specialists with extensive experience in the related industries.
Our various services are: Detailed Project Report, Business Plan for Manufacturing Plant, Start-up Ideas, Business Ideas for Entrepreneurs, Start up Business Opportunities, entrepreneurship projects, Successful Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, project report, Cost and Revenue, Pre-feasibility study for Profitable Manufacturing Business, Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities, Business Opportunities, Investment Opportunities for Most Profitable Business in India, Manufacturing Business Ideas, Preparation of Project Profile, Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Study, Market Research Study, Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Report, Identification and Selection of Plant, Process, Equipment, General Guidance, Startup Help, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial project and Most Profitable Small Scale Business.
NPCS also publishes varies process technology, technical, reference, self employment and startup books, directory, business and industry database, bankable detailed project report, market research report on various industries, small scale industry and profit making business. Besides being used by manufacturers, industrialists and entrepreneurs, our publications are also used by professionals including project engineers, information services bureau, consultants and project consultancy firms as one of the input in their research.