Handbook on Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals (Rosin, Terpene Derivatives, Tall Oil, Resin & Dimer Acids)
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Author: H Panda |
Oleoresin and pine chemicals are a fascinating group of substances derived from the sap of coniferous trees. This diverse family of products includes rosin, terpene derivatives, tall oil, resin, and dimer acids, each with their own unique properties and characteristics. Rosin, also known as colophony, is a sticky substance that is obtained by distilling the resin from pine trees. Terpene derivatives, on the other hand, are a broad class of compounds that are derived from terpenes, which are the primary components of essential oils in plants. Tall oil is a byproduct of the pulping process in the paper industry. It is obtained by extracting fatty acids from the black liquor, a waste stream generated during pulp production. Resin refers to the mixture of gum and resin obtained from pine trees. It is often processed to remove impurities and concentrated into a solid or liquid form. Dimer acids are a specific type of fatty acid derived from tall oil or other vegetable oils. They are created through a chemical reaction called dimerization, which involves the linking of two fatty acid molecules. Dimer acids are known for their excellent performance as raw materials in the production of various products such as coatings, adhesives, and synthetic lubricants.
The global oleoresin market size is anticipated to witness a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9%. Growing demand from healthcare, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries are driving forces of the global oleoresin market. Oleoresins are made from varied ingredients and spices, which are found all around the world. It is usually found in semi-solid extract form. A variety of oleoresins has multiple characteristics based on the spice they are derived from. They exhibit numerous therapeutic as well as antioxidant properties as well and are utilized in the pharmaceutical, healthcare, food, and beverage industries. The European region led the market with a revenue share of more than 30%. This is attributed to the increasing demand for flavors and coloring agents from the food & beverage industry. Another factor contributing to increased demand for the product in the region is the demand from cosmetic, fragrance, and personal care products industries that act as a hefty end-use industry for oleoresins.
The Major Contents of the books are Pinus, Oleoresin Extraction, Processing of Oleoresin, Rosin Derivatives, Terpene Based Adhesives, Essential Oil, Wood Turpentine Oil, Turpentine Products, Tall Oil, Dimer Acids.
A comprehensive reference to manufacturing and entrepreneurship in the Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals products business. This book is a one-stop shop for everything you need to know about the Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals products manufacturing industry, which is ripe with potential for manufacturers, merchants, and entrepreneurs. This is the only comprehensive guide to commercial Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals products manufacture. It provides a feast of how-to knowledge, from concept through equipment purchase.
The global oleoresin market size is anticipated to witness a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9%. Growing demand from healthcare, pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries are driving forces of the global oleoresin market. Oleoresins are made from varied ingredients and spices, which are found all around the world. It is usually found in semi-solid extract form. A variety of oleoresins has multiple characteristics based on the spice they are derived from. They exhibit numerous therapeutic as well as antioxidant properties as well and are utilized in the pharmaceutical, healthcare, food, and beverage industries. The European region led the market with a revenue share of more than 30%. This is attributed to the increasing demand for flavors and coloring agents from the food & beverage industry. Another factor contributing to increased demand for the product in the region is the demand from cosmetic, fragrance, and personal care products industries that act as a hefty end-use industry for oleoresins.
The Major Contents of the books are Pinus, Oleoresin Extraction, Processing of Oleoresin, Rosin Derivatives, Terpene Based Adhesives, Essential Oil, Wood Turpentine Oil, Turpentine Products, Tall Oil, Dimer Acids.
A comprehensive reference to manufacturing and entrepreneurship in the Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals products business. This book is a one-stop shop for everything you need to know about the Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals products manufacturing industry, which is ripe with potential for manufacturers, merchants, and entrepreneurs. This is the only comprehensive guide to commercial Oleoresin and Pine Chemicals products manufacture. It provides a feast of how-to knowledge, from concept through equipment purchase.
Contents
1. PINUS
Introduction
Distribution
Distribution in India
Morphology
Key to the Identification of Indian Species
Anatomy
Root
Root-Stem Transition
Shoot Apex
Stem
Leaf
Embryology
Male Cones
Female Cones
Pollination
Receptive Spot
Fertilization
Embryogeny
Seed Coat
Wing
Germination
Cytology
Seed Testing
Seed Production and Dormancy
Breeding
Diseases
Mycorrhiza
Pests
2. PINE OLEORESIN EXTRACTION METHODS
Introduction
Cup the Larger-Diameter Trees for Increased Yields and Greater Profits
Double-Facing
Gum Yield from Shoulders
Use Currect Tin Lengths
First-Year Installation of Spiral Gutters with Double-Headed Nails
Shaving the Bark
Attach the Apron First
Attaching the Spiral Gutter
Completed Installation
Use of the Advanced Streak
Turpentining and Growth
Bark Chipping
Mounting and Sharpening the Bark Hack
Treating the Streak
Acid Penetration Above the Streak
Wounding the Tree for Gum Production
Metal Cups, Acid Corrosion and Gum Grades
Raising Tins Installed with Double-Headed Nails
Bark Pulling and Acid Treatment
How to Use the Spray-Puller
Acid Paste Method
Applying the Paste
Chipping and Paste Treatment
Streak Height
Turpentined Section Suitable for Other Wood Products
Beetle Attacks and Control Measures
The Black Turpentine Beetle
The Ips Beetle
Solutions for Beetle Control
3. PINES FOR THEIR OLEORESIN
Occurrence, Formation and Exudation of Oleoresin in Pines
Oleoresin Tapping
French Methods
Spanish Method
Greek Method
Indian Method
Mexican Method
American Bark-Chipping Method
The Austrian and German “Herringbone" Methods
Russian Methods
Methods in Other Countries
Felled Pine Wood as Source of Rosin and Turpentine
Composition of Oleoresin
Summary
4. PROCESSING OF OLEORESIN
Processing of Oleoresin
Olustee Gum Cleaning Process
Recovery of Turpentine and Rosin
Stripping Column
Multiple Tube Column
Luwa Columns
Fractionation of Turpentine
Batch Operation
Semi-Continuous Operation
Continuous Operation
Column Packings
Isomerisation of ï¡-Pinene
Camphene Via Bornyl Chloride
Catalytic Isomerisation of ï¡-pinene
Reaction Mechanism
Design Aspect of an Isomerisation Reactor
Liquid Phase
Vapor Phase
5. ROSIN DERIVATIVES AND ITS POTENTIAL
6. HYDROGENLESS HYDROGENATION OF RESIN
ACIDS
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Transfer Hydrogenation of Isopimaric/Pimaric Acids
Transfer Hydrogenation of Abietic Acids
Reaction Mechanism
7. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ROSIN ESTER AND
DIMER CHEMISTRY
New Rosin Esters
Chemistry of Rosin Dimers
8. TERPENE RESINS
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Manufacture
Uses
9. TERPENE BASED ADHESIVES
Introduction
Chemistry
Beta-Pinene Resins
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Dipentene Resins
Alpha-Pinene Resins
Physical Characteristics of Resins
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Hot Melt Adhesives
Analytical Methods
Commercial Resins and Their Uses
Commercial Production
Applications in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Applications in Hot Melt Adhesives
10. OZONOLYSIS OF ALPHA-PINENE
Effect of Solvent, Ozone Concentration and Temperature on Yields were Investigated
Experimental Conditions are Discussed
11. ï·-BROMOLONGIFOLENE
Steam Distilled Products
Residue
Chromic Acid Oxidation of Dilongifolenyl Ether
Lead Tetraacetate Oxidation of Longifolene
12. PEROXIDES FROM TURPENTINE
Peroxide Number and Degree of Unsaturation are Tests of Product Quality
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Pinene to Pinane is First Step in Hydroperoxide Production
Small and Large Scale Techniques of Pinane Oxidation are Investigated
Cold-Rubber Polymerization
Decomposition of Pinane Hydroperoxide
Over-all Yield of 85% is Realized in Production of High Purity Hydroperoxide
Peroxidation
Stripping of Oxidates
Polymerization
Heavy Metal Salts Accelerate Decomposition of Pinane Hydroperoxide
Decomposition
Summary
13. PINONIC ACID
Ozonolysis of ï¡-Pinene in Acetic Acid Solution Proved Best Method
Yields were Determined by Partition Chromatography
Ozone Source
Reagents
Ozonization
Calculations and Analyses
Direct Ozonolysis was not Successful
Ozonization in Methanol
Ozonization and Decompostion in Aqueous Acetic Acid at Room Temperature
Ozonization in Aqueous Acetic Acid at 0ºC. Decomposition in the Presence of Oxidants
Ozonization in Nitromethane
14. SYLVESTRENE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES
Sylvestrene
Sylvestrene Nitrosochloride
Sylvestrene Oxide
m-Terpineols
Sylvedihydrocarvone
15. 8-ACETOXYCARVOTANACETONE
16. RECOVERY OF 3-CARENE FROM CHINESE
TURPENTINE AND SYNTHESIS OF
ACETYLCARENES
Introduction
Distillation of Wood and Sulfate Turpentines
Material and Methods
Distillation Results
Synthesis of Acetyl-Carene
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Synthesis Products
17. HOMOPOLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF
ACRYLATES
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Monomers
Homopolymerization
Copolymerization
Terpolymerization
Epoxidation
Curing
Hydrolysis of Polymethacrylate of I
Experimental
Reduction of ï¡-Campholene Aldehyde
Typical Preparation of a Monomer: Methacrylate of II
Typical Homopolymerization Recipe: Homopolymer Methacrylate of II
Typical Copolymerization Recipe: Copolymer of the Methacrylate of II and Acrylate of I
Solution Copolymer of the Methacrylate of II and Fumaronitrile
Typical Terpolymerization Recipe: Terpolymer of the Acrylate of I, Acrylonitrile and Butadiene
Typical Epoxidation Procedure
18. POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF VINYL
PINOLATE
Preparation of Vinyl Pinolate
Polymerization
Reaction of Vinyl Pinolate Copolymers with Isocyanates
Experimental
Preparation of Vinyl Pinolate
Polymerization of Vinyl Pinolate in Solution
Polymerization of Vinyl Pinolate in Suspension
Polymerization of Vinyl Pinolate in Emulsion
Copolymerization of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Acetate in Solution
Copolymerization of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Chloride in Solution
Copolymerization of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Chloride in Emulsion
Reaction of Polymers with Isocyanates
Evaluation of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Chloride Copolymers
19. HOMOPOLYMERIZATION OF HYDRONOPYL
VINYL ETHER
Discussion
Experimental
Materials
Preparation of 2-Hydronopoxyethyl Vinyl Ether
Polymerization of HVE and HEVE
X-Ray Analysis of Poly (HVE)
Evaluation of Poly (HEVE)
20. TERPOLYMERS OF ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE
WITH d-LIMONENE AND ï¢-PINENE
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Experimental
Materials
Preparation of EPT Rubber
Analysis of Unsaturation
Determination of Gel Content
Determination of Methyl Group Content in Polymer
21. LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS OF
d-LIMONENE
Experimental
Materials
General Procedure
Results
Infrared Spectra
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
Optical Activity
Perbenzoic Acid Oxidation
Discussion
22. BASE-CATALYSED ISOMERISATIONS OF
TERPENES
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Acids
Esters
Epoxides
Conclusion
23. COPOLYMERS OF VINYL CHLORIDE OF PINENE
Experimental
Homopolymerization
Copolymerization
Test of Heterogeneity of a Copolymer
Evaluation of New Polymers
24. POLYALLOÖCIMENE
Experimental
Monomer
Polymerizations
Polymer
Ozonolysis
Discussion of Results
25. ESSENTIAL OIL IN CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENE
PASTE FROM PINE NEEDLES AND TWIGS
Abstract
26. ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE CONE OF PINUS
SYLVESTRIS VAR. MONGOLICA
27. COMPONENTS OF PINE ROOTS
Conclusions
Composition of the Remaining Neutral Fraction
Composition of the Carbonyl Fraction
Composition of the Hydroxyl Fraction
Results and Discussion
Composition of Turpentine
Composition of the Resin Acid Fraction
28. WOOD TURPENTINE OIL FROM PINE STUMPS
29. BLENDING OF TURPENTINE PRODUCTS
Lilac
Pine Bouquet
Cuir De Russe (for leather)
Violet
Lavender Bouquet
Oriental
Gardenia
Fougere
Eau De Cologne
Amber
Chypre
Ylang Syn
Sweet Pea
30. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUND FROM
TURPENTINE
Terpenoids as Antimicrobials
Terpenoids as Anthelmintics
Terpenoids as Insecticides
Terpenoids as Plant Growth Hormones
Terpenoids as Anticancer Agents
Terpenoids as Pharmacological Agents
Terpenoid Derivatives as Biodynamic Agents
Terpenoids as Intermediates for Synthesis of Bio¬dynamic Agents
31. INSECTICIDES BASED ON TURPENTINE
Toxaphene (C10H10 CI8)
Strobane (C10H11CI7)
32. TALL OIL
History of Tall Oil
Production Processes for Tall Oil
Recovery of Tall Oil
Acid Refining of Tall Oil
Fractionation of Tall Oil
Composition and Properties of Tall Oil
Crude Tall Oil
Distilled Tall Oil
Acid Refined Tall Oil
Fractionated Tall Oil
Analysis and Testing of Tall Oil Products
Shipping, Storage and Handling of Tall Oil Products
Crude Tall Oil
Acid Refined Tall Oil
Tall Oil Fatty Acids and Distilled Tall Oils
Tall Oil Heads
Tall Oil Pitch
Tall Oil Rosin
Safety Notes
Applications of Tall Oil
The Chemistry of Tall Oil Fatty and Rosin Acids
Chemical Composition of Tall Oil Fatty Acids
General Reactions of Tall Oil Fatty Acids
Chemical Composition of Tall Oil Rosin
General Reactions of Tall Oil Rosin
Tall Oil Products in Surface Coatings
Tall Oil in Alkyd Resins
Tall Oil Formulations in Alkyd Resins
Esters of Tall Oil Products
Tall Oil Formulations in Esters
Other Uses for Tall Oil Products
Tall Oil in the Plasticizer Field
Esterification of Tall Oil for Plasticizers
Tall Oil in Adhesives and Linoleum Cement
Tall Oil in Rubber-based Adhesives
Tall Oil in Hot-Melt Adhesives
Tall Oil Products in Linoleum Cements
Formulation with Tall Oil
Formulation with Tall Oil Esters
33. DIMER ACIDS
The General Characteristics of Dimer Acids
Introduction
Dimer Acids Manufacture and Feedstock
By Products of the Dimerization Reaction
Monomer Acids
Trimer Acids
Structure and Properties of Dimer Acids
Structure of Dimer Acids
Analysis of Dimer Acids
Physical Properties of Dimer Acids
Chemical Reactions of Dimer Acids
Reactions of the Double Bonds and at the ï¡-Carbon Atoms
Reactions of the Carboxyl Groups to Produce Monomeric Derivatives
Reactions of the Carboxyl Groups to Produce Polymeric Derivatives
Commercial Applications of Dimer Acids and Their Derivatives
Introduction
Applications of Dimer Acids
Applications of Monomer Acids and Derivatives
Applications of Trimer Acids and Derivatives
Applications of Low-Molecular Weight Derivatives of Dimer Acids
Applications of High-Molecular¬ Weight Dimer Acids Derivatives
Applications of Other Polymeric Nitrogen Derivatives of Dimer Acids
Introduction
Distribution
Distribution in India
Morphology
Key to the Identification of Indian Species
Anatomy
Root
Root-Stem Transition
Shoot Apex
Stem
Leaf
Embryology
Male Cones
Female Cones
Pollination
Receptive Spot
Fertilization
Embryogeny
Seed Coat
Wing
Germination
Cytology
Seed Testing
Seed Production and Dormancy
Breeding
Diseases
Mycorrhiza
Pests
2. PINE OLEORESIN EXTRACTION METHODS
Introduction
Cup the Larger-Diameter Trees for Increased Yields and Greater Profits
Double-Facing
Gum Yield from Shoulders
Use Currect Tin Lengths
First-Year Installation of Spiral Gutters with Double-Headed Nails
Shaving the Bark
Attach the Apron First
Attaching the Spiral Gutter
Completed Installation
Use of the Advanced Streak
Turpentining and Growth
Bark Chipping
Mounting and Sharpening the Bark Hack
Treating the Streak
Acid Penetration Above the Streak
Wounding the Tree for Gum Production
Metal Cups, Acid Corrosion and Gum Grades
Raising Tins Installed with Double-Headed Nails
Bark Pulling and Acid Treatment
How to Use the Spray-Puller
Acid Paste Method
Applying the Paste
Chipping and Paste Treatment
Streak Height
Turpentined Section Suitable for Other Wood Products
Beetle Attacks and Control Measures
The Black Turpentine Beetle
The Ips Beetle
Solutions for Beetle Control
3. PINES FOR THEIR OLEORESIN
Occurrence, Formation and Exudation of Oleoresin in Pines
Oleoresin Tapping
French Methods
Spanish Method
Greek Method
Indian Method
Mexican Method
American Bark-Chipping Method
The Austrian and German “Herringbone" Methods
Russian Methods
Methods in Other Countries
Felled Pine Wood as Source of Rosin and Turpentine
Composition of Oleoresin
Summary
4. PROCESSING OF OLEORESIN
Processing of Oleoresin
Olustee Gum Cleaning Process
Recovery of Turpentine and Rosin
Stripping Column
Multiple Tube Column
Luwa Columns
Fractionation of Turpentine
Batch Operation
Semi-Continuous Operation
Continuous Operation
Column Packings
Isomerisation of ï¡-Pinene
Camphene Via Bornyl Chloride
Catalytic Isomerisation of ï¡-pinene
Reaction Mechanism
Design Aspect of an Isomerisation Reactor
Liquid Phase
Vapor Phase
5. ROSIN DERIVATIVES AND ITS POTENTIAL
6. HYDROGENLESS HYDROGENATION OF RESIN
ACIDS
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Transfer Hydrogenation of Isopimaric/Pimaric Acids
Transfer Hydrogenation of Abietic Acids
Reaction Mechanism
7. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ROSIN ESTER AND
DIMER CHEMISTRY
New Rosin Esters
Chemistry of Rosin Dimers
8. TERPENE RESINS
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Manufacture
Uses
9. TERPENE BASED ADHESIVES
Introduction
Chemistry
Beta-Pinene Resins
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Dipentene Resins
Alpha-Pinene Resins
Physical Characteristics of Resins
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Hot Melt Adhesives
Analytical Methods
Commercial Resins and Their Uses
Commercial Production
Applications in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Applications in Hot Melt Adhesives
10. OZONOLYSIS OF ALPHA-PINENE
Effect of Solvent, Ozone Concentration and Temperature on Yields were Investigated
Experimental Conditions are Discussed
11. ï·-BROMOLONGIFOLENE
Steam Distilled Products
Residue
Chromic Acid Oxidation of Dilongifolenyl Ether
Lead Tetraacetate Oxidation of Longifolene
12. PEROXIDES FROM TURPENTINE
Peroxide Number and Degree of Unsaturation are Tests of Product Quality
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Pinene to Pinane is First Step in Hydroperoxide Production
Small and Large Scale Techniques of Pinane Oxidation are Investigated
Cold-Rubber Polymerization
Decomposition of Pinane Hydroperoxide
Over-all Yield of 85% is Realized in Production of High Purity Hydroperoxide
Peroxidation
Stripping of Oxidates
Polymerization
Heavy Metal Salts Accelerate Decomposition of Pinane Hydroperoxide
Decomposition
Summary
13. PINONIC ACID
Ozonolysis of ï¡-Pinene in Acetic Acid Solution Proved Best Method
Yields were Determined by Partition Chromatography
Ozone Source
Reagents
Ozonization
Calculations and Analyses
Direct Ozonolysis was not Successful
Ozonization in Methanol
Ozonization and Decompostion in Aqueous Acetic Acid at Room Temperature
Ozonization in Aqueous Acetic Acid at 0ºC. Decomposition in the Presence of Oxidants
Ozonization in Nitromethane
14. SYLVESTRENE AND SOME OF ITS DERIVATIVES
Sylvestrene
Sylvestrene Nitrosochloride
Sylvestrene Oxide
m-Terpineols
Sylvedihydrocarvone
15. 8-ACETOXYCARVOTANACETONE
16. RECOVERY OF 3-CARENE FROM CHINESE
TURPENTINE AND SYNTHESIS OF
ACETYLCARENES
Introduction
Distillation of Wood and Sulfate Turpentines
Material and Methods
Distillation Results
Synthesis of Acetyl-Carene
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Synthesis Products
17. HOMOPOLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF
ACRYLATES
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Monomers
Homopolymerization
Copolymerization
Terpolymerization
Epoxidation
Curing
Hydrolysis of Polymethacrylate of I
Experimental
Reduction of ï¡-Campholene Aldehyde
Typical Preparation of a Monomer: Methacrylate of II
Typical Homopolymerization Recipe: Homopolymer Methacrylate of II
Typical Copolymerization Recipe: Copolymer of the Methacrylate of II and Acrylate of I
Solution Copolymer of the Methacrylate of II and Fumaronitrile
Typical Terpolymerization Recipe: Terpolymer of the Acrylate of I, Acrylonitrile and Butadiene
Typical Epoxidation Procedure
18. POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS OF VINYL
PINOLATE
Preparation of Vinyl Pinolate
Polymerization
Reaction of Vinyl Pinolate Copolymers with Isocyanates
Experimental
Preparation of Vinyl Pinolate
Polymerization of Vinyl Pinolate in Solution
Polymerization of Vinyl Pinolate in Suspension
Polymerization of Vinyl Pinolate in Emulsion
Copolymerization of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Acetate in Solution
Copolymerization of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Chloride in Solution
Copolymerization of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Chloride in Emulsion
Reaction of Polymers with Isocyanates
Evaluation of Vinyl Pinolate and Vinyl Chloride Copolymers
19. HOMOPOLYMERIZATION OF HYDRONOPYL
VINYL ETHER
Discussion
Experimental
Materials
Preparation of 2-Hydronopoxyethyl Vinyl Ether
Polymerization of HVE and HEVE
X-Ray Analysis of Poly (HVE)
Evaluation of Poly (HEVE)
20. TERPOLYMERS OF ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE
WITH d-LIMONENE AND ï¢-PINENE
Introduction
Results and Discussion
Experimental
Materials
Preparation of EPT Rubber
Analysis of Unsaturation
Determination of Gel Content
Determination of Methyl Group Content in Polymer
21. LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS OF
d-LIMONENE
Experimental
Materials
General Procedure
Results
Infrared Spectra
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
Optical Activity
Perbenzoic Acid Oxidation
Discussion
22. BASE-CATALYSED ISOMERISATIONS OF
TERPENES
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Acids
Esters
Epoxides
Conclusion
23. COPOLYMERS OF VINYL CHLORIDE OF PINENE
Experimental
Homopolymerization
Copolymerization
Test of Heterogeneity of a Copolymer
Evaluation of New Polymers
24. POLYALLOÖCIMENE
Experimental
Monomer
Polymerizations
Polymer
Ozonolysis
Discussion of Results
25. ESSENTIAL OIL IN CHLOROPHYLL-CAROTENE
PASTE FROM PINE NEEDLES AND TWIGS
Abstract
26. ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE CONE OF PINUS
SYLVESTRIS VAR. MONGOLICA
27. COMPONENTS OF PINE ROOTS
Conclusions
Composition of the Remaining Neutral Fraction
Composition of the Carbonyl Fraction
Composition of the Hydroxyl Fraction
Results and Discussion
Composition of Turpentine
Composition of the Resin Acid Fraction
28. WOOD TURPENTINE OIL FROM PINE STUMPS
29. BLENDING OF TURPENTINE PRODUCTS
Lilac
Pine Bouquet
Cuir De Russe (for leather)
Violet
Lavender Bouquet
Oriental
Gardenia
Fougere
Eau De Cologne
Amber
Chypre
Ylang Syn
Sweet Pea
30. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUND FROM
TURPENTINE
Terpenoids as Antimicrobials
Terpenoids as Anthelmintics
Terpenoids as Insecticides
Terpenoids as Plant Growth Hormones
Terpenoids as Anticancer Agents
Terpenoids as Pharmacological Agents
Terpenoid Derivatives as Biodynamic Agents
Terpenoids as Intermediates for Synthesis of Bio¬dynamic Agents
31. INSECTICIDES BASED ON TURPENTINE
Toxaphene (C10H10 CI8)
Strobane (C10H11CI7)
32. TALL OIL
History of Tall Oil
Production Processes for Tall Oil
Recovery of Tall Oil
Acid Refining of Tall Oil
Fractionation of Tall Oil
Composition and Properties of Tall Oil
Crude Tall Oil
Distilled Tall Oil
Acid Refined Tall Oil
Fractionated Tall Oil
Analysis and Testing of Tall Oil Products
Shipping, Storage and Handling of Tall Oil Products
Crude Tall Oil
Acid Refined Tall Oil
Tall Oil Fatty Acids and Distilled Tall Oils
Tall Oil Heads
Tall Oil Pitch
Tall Oil Rosin
Safety Notes
Applications of Tall Oil
The Chemistry of Tall Oil Fatty and Rosin Acids
Chemical Composition of Tall Oil Fatty Acids
General Reactions of Tall Oil Fatty Acids
Chemical Composition of Tall Oil Rosin
General Reactions of Tall Oil Rosin
Tall Oil Products in Surface Coatings
Tall Oil in Alkyd Resins
Tall Oil Formulations in Alkyd Resins
Esters of Tall Oil Products
Tall Oil Formulations in Esters
Other Uses for Tall Oil Products
Tall Oil in the Plasticizer Field
Esterification of Tall Oil for Plasticizers
Tall Oil in Adhesives and Linoleum Cement
Tall Oil in Rubber-based Adhesives
Tall Oil in Hot-Melt Adhesives
Tall Oil Products in Linoleum Cements
Formulation with Tall Oil
Formulation with Tall Oil Esters
33. DIMER ACIDS
The General Characteristics of Dimer Acids
Introduction
Dimer Acids Manufacture and Feedstock
By Products of the Dimerization Reaction
Monomer Acids
Trimer Acids
Structure and Properties of Dimer Acids
Structure of Dimer Acids
Analysis of Dimer Acids
Physical Properties of Dimer Acids
Chemical Reactions of Dimer Acids
Reactions of the Double Bonds and at the ï¡-Carbon Atoms
Reactions of the Carboxyl Groups to Produce Monomeric Derivatives
Reactions of the Carboxyl Groups to Produce Polymeric Derivatives
Commercial Applications of Dimer Acids and Their Derivatives
Introduction
Applications of Dimer Acids
Applications of Monomer Acids and Derivatives
Applications of Trimer Acids and Derivatives
Applications of Low-Molecular Weight Derivatives of Dimer Acids
Applications of High-Molecular¬ Weight Dimer Acids Derivatives
Applications of Other Polymeric Nitrogen Derivatives of Dimer Acids
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