Handbook on Cosmetics (Processes, Formulae with Testing Methods)
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Author: S.K. Singh |
Cosmetics products are created for application on the body for the purpose of cleansing, beautifying or altering appearance and enhancing attractive features. It is not similar like medicines in addition to it cannot be used to modify the physique function or performance. The cosmetic Industry has witnessed rapid growth over the last couple of decades. Now a day the range of cosmetic and beauty products has widened tremendously. The use of cosmetics has increased exponentially not only among in females but the male population also indulges in their use. A wide range of chemical and natural materials is used in the formulation of cosmetic and toiletry preparations. Cosmetics like creams, gels, face powder, eye makeup, shaving cream, and colognes are used on a daily basis by both women and men. The Indian cosmetic Industry has witnessed rapid growth over the last couple of decades. In that time the range of cosmetic and beauty products in India has widened tremendously. Beauty products manufacturers in India mostly cater to the great demand for cosmetics and toiletries that fall into the low or medium price categories as the greatest demand in India has always been for these economically priced products. Bearing a long glowing heritage of cosmetic and beauty, aesthetic makeup products is being used since olden days and nowadays it appear like a booming economy in India which would be the largest cosmetic consuming country in a next few decades. While the demand of beautifying substances are growing day by day, a large number of local as well as international manufacturers gradually extend their ranges and products in different provinces of India. Industry sources estimate a rapid growth rate of 20% per annum.
Some of the fundamentals of the book are regulation of cosmetic products, the relationship of cosmetic products to drugs, preservation of cosmetics, factors affecting preservation, organisms found in cosmetics, antiperspirants and deodorants, cleansing creams and lotions, baby toiletries, face powder manufacturing process, aerosol cosmetics, shaving preparations: soaps, creams, oils, and lotions, advantages and disadvantages of natural dyes, packaging cosmetic preparations, etc.
The book covers formulae, manufacturing processes of various types of cosmetics like antiperspirants and deodorants, cleaning creams, lotions, emollient creams, baby toiletries, face powder, eye makeup and many more along with testing methods. This book will be great asset to new entrepreneurs, existing units, technocrats and technical institutions.
Some of the fundamentals of the book are regulation of cosmetic products, the relationship of cosmetic products to drugs, preservation of cosmetics, factors affecting preservation, organisms found in cosmetics, antiperspirants and deodorants, cleansing creams and lotions, baby toiletries, face powder manufacturing process, aerosol cosmetics, shaving preparations: soaps, creams, oils, and lotions, advantages and disadvantages of natural dyes, packaging cosmetic preparations, etc.
The book covers formulae, manufacturing processes of various types of cosmetics like antiperspirants and deodorants, cleaning creams, lotions, emollient creams, baby toiletries, face powder, eye makeup and many more along with testing methods. This book will be great asset to new entrepreneurs, existing units, technocrats and technical institutions.
Contents
1. Regulation of Cosmetic Products
Historical Development
Self-regulation
Regulation in the United States
1. Federal Regulation of Cosmetics
2. Cosmetic Composition
3. Cosmetic Labeling
4. The Relationship of Cosmetic Products to Drugs
5. Regulation of Cosmetics by Other Federal Agencies
6. Cosmetics and the Consumer Product Safety Commission
7. Regulation of Cosmetics by the States
8. Conclusion
2. Sensitivity Testing
Diagnostic Sensitivity Testing
Technique of Diagnostic Patch Testing
The Interpretation of Patch Test Reactions
“Uncovered†versus “Covered†Patch-Test Technique
Features of Patch Testing with Paraphenylenediamine
Uncovered Patch-Test Method for PPDA Sensitivity
Covered Patch-Test Technique for PPDA Sensitivity
Evaluation of Patch-Test Reactions to PPDA
Features of Patch Testing with Nail Polish
Patch Testing with Lipstick
Testing with Permanent Wave Solutions
Testing for Sensitivity to Perfumes
Testing for Lanolin Sensitivity
Diagnostic Photosensitivity Testing
Light Sources for Photosensitivity Testing
Testing Cosmetics for Photosensitization
Testing Antimicrobial Agents in Soaps and Cosmetics
Patch Test Table for Specific Ingredients in Cosmetics
Patch Tests with Unlisted Cosmetic Ingredients
Prophetic or Predictive Sensitivity Testing
Predictive Testing for Allergic Contact Sensitization
Predictive Testing for Photosensitizing Capacity
3. Quality Assurance
Quality Control
Raw Material Inspection
Inspection of the Finished Product
Inspection of Containers and Packaging Materials
In-Process Control
Finished Goods Control
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
Environmental Protection
Quality Promotion
Works Proposal System
Quality Teams
4. Raw Materials
Introduction
Basic Surfactants
Alkyl Ether Sulfates
Alkyl Sulfates
a-Olefin Sulfonates
Other Basic Surfactants
Mild Anionic Surfactants
Sulfosuccinates
Cocoyl Isethionates
Acyl Amides
Alkyl Ether Carboxylates
Magnesium Surfactants
Alkyl Ether Carboxylates
Magnesium Surfactants
Alkyl Phosphates
Amphoteric Surfactants
Alkyl Betaines
Alkylamido Betaines
Acylamphoglycinates and Acylamphopropionates
Amine Oxides
Non-ionic Surfactants
Ethoxylates Products
Alkyl Polyglycosides
Cationic Surfactants
Monoalkyl Quaternaries
Dialkyl Quaternaries
Trialkyl Quaternaries
Benzyl Quaternaries
Ester Quaternaries
Ethoxylated Quaternaries
Shampoo and Bath Additives
Thickeners
Foam Stabilizers
Pearlescent Agents
Conditioning Agents
Emollients
Sequestering Agents
Oil Components
Mineral Oil
Natural Oils
Triglycerides
Jojoba Oil
Synthetic Oils
Isopropyl Esters
Ethylhexyl Esters
Oleic Acid Esters
Caprylic / Capric Acid Esters
Isocetyl Stearate
Octyldodecanal
N-Butyl Stearate
Diisopropyl Adipate
Pentaerythritol Tetraisostearate
Waxes
Natural Waxes
Synthetic Waxes
Silicone Oils
Cream Bases
Fatty Alcohols
Polyol Esters
Fatty Acids
Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsifiers
Water-in-oil (W/O) Emulsifiers
5. Preservation of Cosmetics
Factors Affecting Preservation
Organisms Found in Cosmetics
Molds
Yeasts
Bacteria
Factors Influencing the Growth of Microorganisms
Minerals
Growth Factors
Moisture Content
pH
Temperature
Oxygen
Other Ingredients
Factors Affecting the Action of Preservatives in Cosmetics
Concentration
Solubility Relationships
pH
Surface-Active Agents
The Interference of Nonionic Emulsifiers with Preservatives
Suitability of Substrate for Growth of Organisms
Amount of Inoculum
Synergism or Antagonism with Other Compounds
Evaluation of Preservatives for Cosmetics
Methods of Testing Antimicrobial Agents
Choice of Organism
Practical Tests
Preservatives
Organic Acids
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Essential Oils
Phenolic Compounds
Esters of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid
o-Phenylphenol
Mercury Compounds
Surface-Active Agents
Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds
Polyols
Miscellaneous Antimicrobials
Mechanism of Preservative Action
Allergic Response to Preservatives and Antimicrobials
Photosensitization
Manufacturing
Prevention of Microbial Contamination
Deionizer Contamination
Filter Contamination
Raw Material Contamination
Sanitation
Microbial Corrosion
Emulsion Preservation
Preservation of Shampoos
Chelation
Antioxidants
Rancidity
Mechanism of Action
Classification of Antioxidants
Considerations for Use of Antioxidants
6. Antiperspirants and Deodorants
Introduction
Regulations
Mechanism of Sweating
Antiperspirant Active Properties
Basic Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Zirconium Complexes
Clinical Assessment
Formulatory Considerations
Performance
Cost
Esthetics
Formulations
Roll-on Products
Stick Products
Spray Products
Deodorants
Odor Control
Clinical Assessment
Formulations
7. Cleansing Creams And Lotions
Properties Sought
History
Types of Cleansing Cream
Beeswax-Borax Emulsion Type
Basic Materials
Liquefying Cleansing Creams
Miscellaneous Emulsion Types
Sorbitan Fatty Acid Ester Emulsions
Acid-Containing Cleansing Creams
Detergent Cleansing Creams
Antibacterial Cleansing Preparations
Cleansing Lotions
Cleansing Preparations for Oily Skin
Consideration of Safety
Equipment and Manufacturing
8. Emollient Creams And Lotions
Theoretical Aspects of Emollience
Emollient Materials
Emollient Evaluation
Emulsion Types
Penetration
Formulations
Emollient Creams
Raw Materials
Glyceryl Monostearate (from “Triple-Pressed†Stearic Acid)
Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters
Stearic Acid
Beeswax
Fatty Alcohols
Lanolin
Hydrocarbon Waxes
Manufacturing Procedure
Emollient Lotions
Specialized Creams and Lotions
Eye Creams
All-Purpose Creams
Therapeutic Creams
9. Baby Toiletries
Epidermal Physiology
Skin Care of the Newborn
Baby Oils
Baby Lotions
Cationic Lotions
Care of the Diaper Area
Diaper Rash
Cationic Ointments
Baby Oils
Baby Lotions
Baby Creams
Soap
Baby Powders
Diaper Laundering
Disposable Diapers
Infantile Eczema
Care of the Hair and Scalp
Formulation
Raw Materials
Baby Oils
Baby Lotions
Baby Creams
Baby Powders
Literature
10. Face Powders
Loose Face Powder
Raw Materials
Formulations
Compact Face Powder
Raw Materials, Binding Agents, and Preservatives
Binding Agents
Compression Methods
Face Powder Manufacturing Process
Base Powder Preparation
Color Extenders
Combination: Base Powder and Color Extenders
Mills
Pressing Machines and Pressure Considerations
Packaging
Quality Control and Laboratory Practices
Shade Control and Lighting
Dispersion of Color
Pay off
Pressure Testing
Breakage Test
11. Eye Makeup
Raw Materials
Pigments
Basic Ingredients
Petrolatum
Lanolin
Ceresin
Carnauba
Beeswax
Stearic Acid
Isopropyl Myristate
Propylene Glycol
Gum Tragacanth
Methyl Cellulose
Preservatives
Pearlessences
Perfuming
Formulation and Manufacture
Eyeshadow
Mascara
Eyebrow Pencils
Eye Liners
False Eyelashes
Eye Cover Products
Eye Makeup Removers
Eye Creams and Eye Sticks
Analysis
General Remarks
12. Aerosol Cosmetics
Definitions
Historical Background
Principle and Mechanism
The Package and its Components
Container
Metals
Industry Specifications for Fabricated Aerosol Cans
Glass
Plastics
Valves
Valve Specialties
Actuator Cover Cap
Powder or Paint Valves
Foam Valves
Spray Anyway Valves
Metering Valves
Special Applicators
Codispensing Valves
Propellants
Concentrate
Production
Cold Filling
Pressure Filling
Under-the-Cup Filling
Formulation
Hair Products
Hair Sprays
Hairsets and Conditioners
Hairdressing
Color Rinse and Sprays
Wave Lotions
Shampoos
Skin Products
Deodrants and Antiperspirants
Fragrances
Sunscreen
Shaving Cream
Shaving Accessories
Feminine Deodrant Spray
Nail Preparations
Powders
Face Creams and Lotions
Oral Products
13. Shaving Preparations: Soaps, Creams, Oils, and Lotions
Shaving Soaps, Sticks and Powders
Shaving Soaps
Shaving Sticks
Shaving Powders
Lather Shaving Cream
Brushless Shaving Cream
Shaving Oils and Lotions
14. Preshave and Aftershave Preparations
Presahve Preparations
Skin Conditioners
Beard Softeners
Pre-electric Shave Preparations
Aftershave Preparations
Clear Lotions
Stick Lotions and Gels
Creams and Emulsified Lotions
Powders
Styptics
Aerosols
15. Hair-Grooming Preparations
Properties of a Good Hairdressing
Types of Haridressing
Brilliantines
Liquid Brilliantines
Solid Brilliantines
Alcoholic Lotions
Hair Tonics
Two-Layer Lotions
Gum-Base Hairdressings
Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Water-in-Oil Emulsions
Aerosol Hairdressings
16. Hair Straighteners
Morphological Considerations
General Chemical Composition
Keratin
Hair Treatment Reactions
Oxidation
Diffusion of Reagents
D-Cystine Fraction
Measurement of Physical Changes Related to Fibre Treatment
Form-related Compositions
Temporary Straightening
Permanent Straightening
Thioglycolate Compositions
Neutralizers
Manufacturing and Material Specifications
Packaging Considerations
Method of Application
Other Materials
Silicones
Sulfites
Manufacture
Procedure
Neutralization
General Considerations
17. Bleaches, Hair Colorings and Dye Removers
Demands in Hair Coloring
Classes of Coloring Agents
Bleaching Agents
Early Bleaches
Chemical Bleaches
Hydrogen Peroxide
Action of Peroxide on Hair
Bleaching Agents and Treatments
Platinum Bleaching
Blanching of Hair
After Treatment of Bleached Hair
Synthetic Organic Dyes
Range of Shades Required
Special Shades
Temporary Colorings
Coloured Rinses
Rinses for Gray Hair
Importances of Instructions
Color Shampoos
Powders
Crayons
Semi-Permanent Dyes
Nitro Dyes
Self-Oxidizing Dyes
Solvent-Assisted Dyes
Anion-Cation Complexes
Reactive Dyes
Aminoanthraquinone Dyes
Permanent Dyes
(Oxidation Dyes)
Pyrogallol
Introduction of Amino Dyes
Early Commercial Development
Quest for Substitutes; Protective Measures
Research for Improved Products and Processes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oxidation Dyes
Composition of Modern Oxidation Dyes
Forms of Oxidation Dyes
Regulations Governing Amino Dyes
Research for New Days
Plant Derivatives
Henna
Indigo
Camomile
Wood Extracts
Mixed Wood Dyes
Miscellaneous Plant Products
Use of Mordants
Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Dyes
Metallic Dyes
Lead Dyes
Silver Dyes
Dyes for Eyebrows and Eyelashes
Copper Dyes
Compound Hennas
Miscellaneous Metallic Dyes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Metallic Dyes
Toxicity of Metallic Hair Dyes
18. Packaging Cosmetic Preparations
Packaging Requirements and Functions
Packaging Materials and Containers
Tins and Jars
Bottles and Flacons
Tubes
Stick Applicators
Spray Cans
Decoration of Cosmetics Packaging
Future Ecological and Economic Challenges
Historical Development
Self-regulation
Regulation in the United States
1. Federal Regulation of Cosmetics
2. Cosmetic Composition
3. Cosmetic Labeling
4. The Relationship of Cosmetic Products to Drugs
5. Regulation of Cosmetics by Other Federal Agencies
6. Cosmetics and the Consumer Product Safety Commission
7. Regulation of Cosmetics by the States
8. Conclusion
2. Sensitivity Testing
Diagnostic Sensitivity Testing
Technique of Diagnostic Patch Testing
The Interpretation of Patch Test Reactions
“Uncovered†versus “Covered†Patch-Test Technique
Features of Patch Testing with Paraphenylenediamine
Uncovered Patch-Test Method for PPDA Sensitivity
Covered Patch-Test Technique for PPDA Sensitivity
Evaluation of Patch-Test Reactions to PPDA
Features of Patch Testing with Nail Polish
Patch Testing with Lipstick
Testing with Permanent Wave Solutions
Testing for Sensitivity to Perfumes
Testing for Lanolin Sensitivity
Diagnostic Photosensitivity Testing
Light Sources for Photosensitivity Testing
Testing Cosmetics for Photosensitization
Testing Antimicrobial Agents in Soaps and Cosmetics
Patch Test Table for Specific Ingredients in Cosmetics
Patch Tests with Unlisted Cosmetic Ingredients
Prophetic or Predictive Sensitivity Testing
Predictive Testing for Allergic Contact Sensitization
Predictive Testing for Photosensitizing Capacity
3. Quality Assurance
Quality Control
Raw Material Inspection
Inspection of the Finished Product
Inspection of Containers and Packaging Materials
In-Process Control
Finished Goods Control
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
Environmental Protection
Quality Promotion
Works Proposal System
Quality Teams
4. Raw Materials
Introduction
Basic Surfactants
Alkyl Ether Sulfates
Alkyl Sulfates
a-Olefin Sulfonates
Other Basic Surfactants
Mild Anionic Surfactants
Sulfosuccinates
Cocoyl Isethionates
Acyl Amides
Alkyl Ether Carboxylates
Magnesium Surfactants
Alkyl Ether Carboxylates
Magnesium Surfactants
Alkyl Phosphates
Amphoteric Surfactants
Alkyl Betaines
Alkylamido Betaines
Acylamphoglycinates and Acylamphopropionates
Amine Oxides
Non-ionic Surfactants
Ethoxylates Products
Alkyl Polyglycosides
Cationic Surfactants
Monoalkyl Quaternaries
Dialkyl Quaternaries
Trialkyl Quaternaries
Benzyl Quaternaries
Ester Quaternaries
Ethoxylated Quaternaries
Shampoo and Bath Additives
Thickeners
Foam Stabilizers
Pearlescent Agents
Conditioning Agents
Emollients
Sequestering Agents
Oil Components
Mineral Oil
Natural Oils
Triglycerides
Jojoba Oil
Synthetic Oils
Isopropyl Esters
Ethylhexyl Esters
Oleic Acid Esters
Caprylic / Capric Acid Esters
Isocetyl Stearate
Octyldodecanal
N-Butyl Stearate
Diisopropyl Adipate
Pentaerythritol Tetraisostearate
Waxes
Natural Waxes
Synthetic Waxes
Silicone Oils
Cream Bases
Fatty Alcohols
Polyol Esters
Fatty Acids
Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsifiers
Water-in-oil (W/O) Emulsifiers
5. Preservation of Cosmetics
Factors Affecting Preservation
Organisms Found in Cosmetics
Molds
Yeasts
Bacteria
Factors Influencing the Growth of Microorganisms
Minerals
Growth Factors
Moisture Content
pH
Temperature
Oxygen
Other Ingredients
Factors Affecting the Action of Preservatives in Cosmetics
Concentration
Solubility Relationships
pH
Surface-Active Agents
The Interference of Nonionic Emulsifiers with Preservatives
Suitability of Substrate for Growth of Organisms
Amount of Inoculum
Synergism or Antagonism with Other Compounds
Evaluation of Preservatives for Cosmetics
Methods of Testing Antimicrobial Agents
Choice of Organism
Practical Tests
Preservatives
Organic Acids
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Essential Oils
Phenolic Compounds
Esters of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid
o-Phenylphenol
Mercury Compounds
Surface-Active Agents
Miscellaneous Nitrogen Compounds
Polyols
Miscellaneous Antimicrobials
Mechanism of Preservative Action
Allergic Response to Preservatives and Antimicrobials
Photosensitization
Manufacturing
Prevention of Microbial Contamination
Deionizer Contamination
Filter Contamination
Raw Material Contamination
Sanitation
Microbial Corrosion
Emulsion Preservation
Preservation of Shampoos
Chelation
Antioxidants
Rancidity
Mechanism of Action
Classification of Antioxidants
Considerations for Use of Antioxidants
6. Antiperspirants and Deodorants
Introduction
Regulations
Mechanism of Sweating
Antiperspirant Active Properties
Basic Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Zirconium Complexes
Clinical Assessment
Formulatory Considerations
Performance
Cost
Esthetics
Formulations
Roll-on Products
Stick Products
Spray Products
Deodorants
Odor Control
Clinical Assessment
Formulations
7. Cleansing Creams And Lotions
Properties Sought
History
Types of Cleansing Cream
Beeswax-Borax Emulsion Type
Basic Materials
Liquefying Cleansing Creams
Miscellaneous Emulsion Types
Sorbitan Fatty Acid Ester Emulsions
Acid-Containing Cleansing Creams
Detergent Cleansing Creams
Antibacterial Cleansing Preparations
Cleansing Lotions
Cleansing Preparations for Oily Skin
Consideration of Safety
Equipment and Manufacturing
8. Emollient Creams And Lotions
Theoretical Aspects of Emollience
Emollient Materials
Emollient Evaluation
Emulsion Types
Penetration
Formulations
Emollient Creams
Raw Materials
Glyceryl Monostearate (from “Triple-Pressed†Stearic Acid)
Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters
Stearic Acid
Beeswax
Fatty Alcohols
Lanolin
Hydrocarbon Waxes
Manufacturing Procedure
Emollient Lotions
Specialized Creams and Lotions
Eye Creams
All-Purpose Creams
Therapeutic Creams
9. Baby Toiletries
Epidermal Physiology
Skin Care of the Newborn
Baby Oils
Baby Lotions
Cationic Lotions
Care of the Diaper Area
Diaper Rash
Cationic Ointments
Baby Oils
Baby Lotions
Baby Creams
Soap
Baby Powders
Diaper Laundering
Disposable Diapers
Infantile Eczema
Care of the Hair and Scalp
Formulation
Raw Materials
Baby Oils
Baby Lotions
Baby Creams
Baby Powders
Literature
10. Face Powders
Loose Face Powder
Raw Materials
Formulations
Compact Face Powder
Raw Materials, Binding Agents, and Preservatives
Binding Agents
Compression Methods
Face Powder Manufacturing Process
Base Powder Preparation
Color Extenders
Combination: Base Powder and Color Extenders
Mills
Pressing Machines and Pressure Considerations
Packaging
Quality Control and Laboratory Practices
Shade Control and Lighting
Dispersion of Color
Pay off
Pressure Testing
Breakage Test
11. Eye Makeup
Raw Materials
Pigments
Basic Ingredients
Petrolatum
Lanolin
Ceresin
Carnauba
Beeswax
Stearic Acid
Isopropyl Myristate
Propylene Glycol
Gum Tragacanth
Methyl Cellulose
Preservatives
Pearlessences
Perfuming
Formulation and Manufacture
Eyeshadow
Mascara
Eyebrow Pencils
Eye Liners
False Eyelashes
Eye Cover Products
Eye Makeup Removers
Eye Creams and Eye Sticks
Analysis
General Remarks
12. Aerosol Cosmetics
Definitions
Historical Background
Principle and Mechanism
The Package and its Components
Container
Metals
Industry Specifications for Fabricated Aerosol Cans
Glass
Plastics
Valves
Valve Specialties
Actuator Cover Cap
Powder or Paint Valves
Foam Valves
Spray Anyway Valves
Metering Valves
Special Applicators
Codispensing Valves
Propellants
Concentrate
Production
Cold Filling
Pressure Filling
Under-the-Cup Filling
Formulation
Hair Products
Hair Sprays
Hairsets and Conditioners
Hairdressing
Color Rinse and Sprays
Wave Lotions
Shampoos
Skin Products
Deodrants and Antiperspirants
Fragrances
Sunscreen
Shaving Cream
Shaving Accessories
Feminine Deodrant Spray
Nail Preparations
Powders
Face Creams and Lotions
Oral Products
13. Shaving Preparations: Soaps, Creams, Oils, and Lotions
Shaving Soaps, Sticks and Powders
Shaving Soaps
Shaving Sticks
Shaving Powders
Lather Shaving Cream
Brushless Shaving Cream
Shaving Oils and Lotions
14. Preshave and Aftershave Preparations
Presahve Preparations
Skin Conditioners
Beard Softeners
Pre-electric Shave Preparations
Aftershave Preparations
Clear Lotions
Stick Lotions and Gels
Creams and Emulsified Lotions
Powders
Styptics
Aerosols
15. Hair-Grooming Preparations
Properties of a Good Hairdressing
Types of Haridressing
Brilliantines
Liquid Brilliantines
Solid Brilliantines
Alcoholic Lotions
Hair Tonics
Two-Layer Lotions
Gum-Base Hairdressings
Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Water-in-Oil Emulsions
Aerosol Hairdressings
16. Hair Straighteners
Morphological Considerations
General Chemical Composition
Keratin
Hair Treatment Reactions
Oxidation
Diffusion of Reagents
D-Cystine Fraction
Measurement of Physical Changes Related to Fibre Treatment
Form-related Compositions
Temporary Straightening
Permanent Straightening
Thioglycolate Compositions
Neutralizers
Manufacturing and Material Specifications
Packaging Considerations
Method of Application
Other Materials
Silicones
Sulfites
Manufacture
Procedure
Neutralization
General Considerations
17. Bleaches, Hair Colorings and Dye Removers
Demands in Hair Coloring
Classes of Coloring Agents
Bleaching Agents
Early Bleaches
Chemical Bleaches
Hydrogen Peroxide
Action of Peroxide on Hair
Bleaching Agents and Treatments
Platinum Bleaching
Blanching of Hair
After Treatment of Bleached Hair
Synthetic Organic Dyes
Range of Shades Required
Special Shades
Temporary Colorings
Coloured Rinses
Rinses for Gray Hair
Importances of Instructions
Color Shampoos
Powders
Crayons
Semi-Permanent Dyes
Nitro Dyes
Self-Oxidizing Dyes
Solvent-Assisted Dyes
Anion-Cation Complexes
Reactive Dyes
Aminoanthraquinone Dyes
Permanent Dyes
(Oxidation Dyes)
Pyrogallol
Introduction of Amino Dyes
Early Commercial Development
Quest for Substitutes; Protective Measures
Research for Improved Products and Processes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Oxidation Dyes
Composition of Modern Oxidation Dyes
Forms of Oxidation Dyes
Regulations Governing Amino Dyes
Research for New Days
Plant Derivatives
Henna
Indigo
Camomile
Wood Extracts
Mixed Wood Dyes
Miscellaneous Plant Products
Use of Mordants
Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Dyes
Metallic Dyes
Lead Dyes
Silver Dyes
Dyes for Eyebrows and Eyelashes
Copper Dyes
Compound Hennas
Miscellaneous Metallic Dyes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Metallic Dyes
Toxicity of Metallic Hair Dyes
18. Packaging Cosmetic Preparations
Packaging Requirements and Functions
Packaging Materials and Containers
Tins and Jars
Bottles and Flacons
Tubes
Stick Applicators
Spray Cans
Decoration of Cosmetics Packaging
Future Ecological and Economic Challenges
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