Handbook on Coal, Coke, Cotton, Lignin, Hemicellulose, Wood, Wood-Polymer Composites, Lignocellulosic-Plastic Composites from Recycled Materials, Wood Fiber, Rosin and Rosin Derivatives
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Author: Dr. Himadri Panda |
Handbook on Coal, Coke, Cotton, Lignin, Hemicellulose, Wood, Wood-Polymer Composites, Lignocellulosic-Plastic Composites from Recycled Materials, Wood Fiber, Rosin and Rosin Derivatives
(Also Known as Handbook on Coal, Lignin, Wood and Rosin Processing)
Coal is the product of plants, mainly trees that died tens or hundreds of millions of years ago. Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs. The energy we get from coal today comes from the energy that plants absorbed from the sun millions of years ago. Coal is used primarily as an energy source, either for heat or electricity. It was once heavily used to heat homes and power locomotives and factories. Bituminous coal is also used to produce coke for making steel and other industrial process heating. Lignin is a constituent of the cell walls of almost all dry land plant cell walls. It is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world, surpassed only by cellulose. Lignin is found in all vascular plants, mostly between the cells, but also within the cells, and in the cell walls.
Wood is an aggregate of cells essentially cellulose in composition, which are cemented together by a substance called lignin. The cells are made of three substances called cellulose (about 50 percent), lignin (which makes up a fifth to a quarter of hardwoods but a quarter to a third of softwoods), and hemicellulose. Rosin refers to an extraction process that utilizes a combination of heat and pressure to nearly instantaneously squeeze resinous sap from your initial starting material
In India's energy sector, coal accounts for the majority of primary commercial energy supply. With the economy poised to grow at the rate of 8-10% per annum, energy requirements will also rise at a reasonable level. The Indian coal industry aspires to reach the 1.5 billion tonne (BT) mark by FY 2020. In fore-coming years, the industry will naturally need to focus on building on the success, and be on track for reaching the FY 2020 goal. One of the primary goals of the Government of India is to ensure that it is able to meet the country's power generation needs. Another aim is to lower the country's reliance on coal imports by boosting the coal production quickly.
The Major contents of the book are Coal, Analysis of Coal and Coke, Cotton, Lignin and Hemicelluloses, Degradation of Wood, CCA-Treated Wood, Wood-Polymer Composites, Lignocellulosic-Plastic Composites from Recycled Materials, Chemical Modification of Wood Fiber, Delignification of Wood with Pernitric Acid, Rosin and Rosin Derivatives, Polymerizable Half Esters of Rosin and Photographs of Plant & Machinery with Supplier’s Contact Details.
It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area and others interested in the field of these industries.
(Also Known as Handbook on Coal, Lignin, Wood and Rosin Processing)
Coal is the product of plants, mainly trees that died tens or hundreds of millions of years ago. Coal is a fossil fuel and is the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally accumulated in swamps and peat bogs. The energy we get from coal today comes from the energy that plants absorbed from the sun millions of years ago. Coal is used primarily as an energy source, either for heat or electricity. It was once heavily used to heat homes and power locomotives and factories. Bituminous coal is also used to produce coke for making steel and other industrial process heating. Lignin is a constituent of the cell walls of almost all dry land plant cell walls. It is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world, surpassed only by cellulose. Lignin is found in all vascular plants, mostly between the cells, but also within the cells, and in the cell walls.
Wood is an aggregate of cells essentially cellulose in composition, which are cemented together by a substance called lignin. The cells are made of three substances called cellulose (about 50 percent), lignin (which makes up a fifth to a quarter of hardwoods but a quarter to a third of softwoods), and hemicellulose. Rosin refers to an extraction process that utilizes a combination of heat and pressure to nearly instantaneously squeeze resinous sap from your initial starting material
In India's energy sector, coal accounts for the majority of primary commercial energy supply. With the economy poised to grow at the rate of 8-10% per annum, energy requirements will also rise at a reasonable level. The Indian coal industry aspires to reach the 1.5 billion tonne (BT) mark by FY 2020. In fore-coming years, the industry will naturally need to focus on building on the success, and be on track for reaching the FY 2020 goal. One of the primary goals of the Government of India is to ensure that it is able to meet the country's power generation needs. Another aim is to lower the country's reliance on coal imports by boosting the coal production quickly.
The Major contents of the book are Coal, Analysis of Coal and Coke, Cotton, Lignin and Hemicelluloses, Degradation of Wood, CCA-Treated Wood, Wood-Polymer Composites, Lignocellulosic-Plastic Composites from Recycled Materials, Chemical Modification of Wood Fiber, Delignification of Wood with Pernitric Acid, Rosin and Rosin Derivatives, Polymerizable Half Esters of Rosin and Photographs of Plant & Machinery with Supplier’s Contact Details.
It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area and others interested in the field of these industries.
Contents
Chapter 1
Coal
Ethylene
Fischer –Tropsch Synthesis for Olefins
Direct Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Ethylene
Ethanol from Synthesis Gas
Olefins from Methanol
Methanol Homologation
Methanol to Acetic Acid
Ethylene Glycol
Acetic Anhydride
Vinyl Acetate
Other Chemicals
Coal Pyrolysis Processes
Acetylene
Production of Chemicals by
Coal Liquefaction Processes
Conclusion
Chapter 2
Analysis of Coal and Coke
Methods of Analysis
Sampling
Determination of Constitution and Physical Properties
Functional Group Analysis
Spectroscopy
Determination of Optical Constants
Electron Microscopy
Density
X-Ray Diffraction
Specification Tests
Proximate Analysis
Ultimate Analysis
Calorific Value
Fusibility of Coal Ash
Behaviour on Healing
Equilibrium Moisture of Coal at 96-97%
Relative Humidity and 39oC
Determination of Harcbgrobve Grindability
Index of Coal
Special Constituents
Coal Classification
Chapter 3
Cotton
Methods of Analysis
Modified Cottons
Finishing Agents
Separation and Identification
Spectroscopic Methods
Inorganic Constituents
Chemical Methods
Spectroscopic Methods
Chapter 4
Lignin and Hemicellulose
Hemicellulose
Assay systems
Classification
Thermophilic Hemicellulases
Alkaline active xylanases
ß - Xylosidase
Mannanases and galactanses
Accessory enzymes for Hemicellulose utilization
Lignin
Lignin-degrading enzymes
Lignin degradation in whole cell cultures
Degradation by cell-free enzyme systems
Role of glycosides in Lignin degradation
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes
Fractionation of Lignin and Carbohydrate in wood
Isolation of LCCs
Chemical characteristics of LC bonds
Ferulic and p-coimaric ester side chains
Frequency and stability of LC bonds
Residual lignin in kraft pulp
Biodegradation of LCCs
Residual LC structures after exhaustiveenzymatic digestion
Solubitization of LCC by microbial activity
Enzymatic treatments of pulps
Conclusion
Chapter 5
Degradation of Wood
Introduction
Gross Chemical Composition
Distribution of Wall Components
Component Chemistries
Microstructure and Porosity
Degradation of whole wood
Biodegradation of Lignin
Biodegradation of Cellulose
Biodegradation of Hemicellulose
Applications
Conclusion
Chapter 6
Cca-Treated Wood
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Chapter 7
Wood-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Monomers
Wood specimens
Treatment of specimens with monomers
Volumetric swelling and moisture content
Result
Swelling of wood soaked in monomers
Polymer loading
Volumetric swelling of WPC specimens
Moisture content of WPC specimens
Conclusions
Chapter 8
Lignocellulosic-Plastic Composites from Recycled
Materials
Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Lignocellulosic Fibre and Plastics
Thermoformable composites as Outlets for Waste Paper, Wood and Plastics
Recent Research on Wood Fiber-Thermoplastic Composites
Research and Development Needs
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 9
Chemical Modification of Wood Fiber
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Esterification Procedure
Analyses of Esterification Products
Board Formation
Board Testing
Moisture sorption
Rate and extent of swelling
Results and Discussion
Esterification of Wood Fiber
Moisture Sorption of Esterified Fiberboards
Rate and Extent of Swelling of Fiberboards in Liquid Water
Plasticization of Esterified Fibers
Conclusions
Chapter 10
Delignification of Wood with Pernitric Acid
Generation of pernitric acid
Decomposition of pernitric acid
Delignification of aspen wood
Conclusions
Experimental
Chapter 11
Rosin and Rosin Derivatives
Composition
Reaction and derivatives
Isomerization
Maleation
Oxidation
Photosensitized oxidation
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenless Hydrogenation
Polymers of vinylesters of hydrogenated rosin
Prehydrogenation
Hydrocracking of Rosin
Dehydrogenation
Polymerisation
Analysis
Compatibility
Solubility
Instrumental analysis
Gas chromatography analysis
Infrared Spectroscope
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Ultraviolet spectroscopy
X-Ray Analysis
Mass Spectroscopy
Phenolic modification
Salt formation
With metals
With unsaturated cyclic and acyclic hydrocarbons
Example-2
Rosin-isoprene condensate (Example-3)
Rosin-isobutene condensate (Example-4)
Example –5
Rosin-styrene condensalt (Example-6)
Rosin-cyclopentadiene condensate (Example-7)
Rosin-coumarone-indene condensate (Example-8)
Rosin-divynylbenzene condensate (Example-9)
Example-10
Esterification
With Glycerol
With pentaerythritol and other polyhydric alcohols
With monoydric alcohols
Hydrogenolysis
Polyesterification
Copolyesters
Ammonolysis
Preparations
Dehydroabietylamine acetate
Dehydroabietylamine
Typical Uses
Asphalt additives
Chemical Intermediates
Corrosion Inhibitors
Flotation Reagents
Preservatives
Resolving agent
Chemical and physical properties of
Amine D acetate
Stability to heat and storage
Stability to heat and storage
Surface Activity
Chemical Reactivity
Chemical and Physical Properties of
Amine D acetate
Solubility
Note
Stability to Heat and Storage
Stability to Air and Sunlight
Surface Activity
Styrenation
Decarbxylation
Hydroxymethylation and hydroxylation
Methods of preparations
Nitrogenous intermediates
Methyl levopimarate (i)
Methyl neoabietate (ii)
Methyl photolevopimarate (iii)
Reaction of SSI with Methyl levomarate (i)
Reaction of Chlorosulphonyl isocyanate with methyl neoabietate (ii)
Reaction of Chlorosulphonyl isocyanate with methyl photolevopimarate (iii)
Fumaroniprile Adduct of levopimaric acid
Tetracyanoethylene Adduct of levopimaric acid
Acrylonitrile adducts of levopimaric acid
Polyoxyalkylation
Chapter 12
The Polymerizable Half Esters of Rosin
Expermental
Preparation and properties of monomers
Maleic rosin esters with reactive groups
Polymerization & Copolymerization
Aqueous Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Secondary reactions and graft copolymers
Reaction Involving Crosslinking
Applications
Coatings
Inks
Textiles
Conclusions
Chapter 13
Photographs of Plant & Machinery with Supplier’s
Contact Details
Coal
Ethylene
Fischer –Tropsch Synthesis for Olefins
Direct Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Ethylene
Ethanol from Synthesis Gas
Olefins from Methanol
Methanol Homologation
Methanol to Acetic Acid
Ethylene Glycol
Acetic Anhydride
Vinyl Acetate
Other Chemicals
Coal Pyrolysis Processes
Acetylene
Production of Chemicals by
Coal Liquefaction Processes
Conclusion
Chapter 2
Analysis of Coal and Coke
Methods of Analysis
Sampling
Determination of Constitution and Physical Properties
Functional Group Analysis
Spectroscopy
Determination of Optical Constants
Electron Microscopy
Density
X-Ray Diffraction
Specification Tests
Proximate Analysis
Ultimate Analysis
Calorific Value
Fusibility of Coal Ash
Behaviour on Healing
Equilibrium Moisture of Coal at 96-97%
Relative Humidity and 39oC
Determination of Harcbgrobve Grindability
Index of Coal
Special Constituents
Coal Classification
Chapter 3
Cotton
Methods of Analysis
Modified Cottons
Finishing Agents
Separation and Identification
Spectroscopic Methods
Inorganic Constituents
Chemical Methods
Spectroscopic Methods
Chapter 4
Lignin and Hemicellulose
Hemicellulose
Assay systems
Classification
Thermophilic Hemicellulases
Alkaline active xylanases
ß - Xylosidase
Mannanases and galactanses
Accessory enzymes for Hemicellulose utilization
Lignin
Lignin-degrading enzymes
Lignin degradation in whole cell cultures
Degradation by cell-free enzyme systems
Role of glycosides in Lignin degradation
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes
Fractionation of Lignin and Carbohydrate in wood
Isolation of LCCs
Chemical characteristics of LC bonds
Ferulic and p-coimaric ester side chains
Frequency and stability of LC bonds
Residual lignin in kraft pulp
Biodegradation of LCCs
Residual LC structures after exhaustiveenzymatic digestion
Solubitization of LCC by microbial activity
Enzymatic treatments of pulps
Conclusion
Chapter 5
Degradation of Wood
Introduction
Gross Chemical Composition
Distribution of Wall Components
Component Chemistries
Microstructure and Porosity
Degradation of whole wood
Biodegradation of Lignin
Biodegradation of Cellulose
Biodegradation of Hemicellulose
Applications
Conclusion
Chapter 6
Cca-Treated Wood
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Chapter 7
Wood-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Monomers
Wood specimens
Treatment of specimens with monomers
Volumetric swelling and moisture content
Result
Swelling of wood soaked in monomers
Polymer loading
Volumetric swelling of WPC specimens
Moisture content of WPC specimens
Conclusions
Chapter 8
Lignocellulosic-Plastic Composites from Recycled
Materials
Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Lignocellulosic Fibre and Plastics
Thermoformable composites as Outlets for Waste Paper, Wood and Plastics
Recent Research on Wood Fiber-Thermoplastic Composites
Research and Development Needs
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 9
Chemical Modification of Wood Fiber
Introduction
Experimental Procedure
Esterification Procedure
Analyses of Esterification Products
Board Formation
Board Testing
Moisture sorption
Rate and extent of swelling
Results and Discussion
Esterification of Wood Fiber
Moisture Sorption of Esterified Fiberboards
Rate and Extent of Swelling of Fiberboards in Liquid Water
Plasticization of Esterified Fibers
Conclusions
Chapter 10
Delignification of Wood with Pernitric Acid
Generation of pernitric acid
Decomposition of pernitric acid
Delignification of aspen wood
Conclusions
Experimental
Chapter 11
Rosin and Rosin Derivatives
Composition
Reaction and derivatives
Isomerization
Maleation
Oxidation
Photosensitized oxidation
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenless Hydrogenation
Polymers of vinylesters of hydrogenated rosin
Prehydrogenation
Hydrocracking of Rosin
Dehydrogenation
Polymerisation
Analysis
Compatibility
Solubility
Instrumental analysis
Gas chromatography analysis
Infrared Spectroscope
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Ultraviolet spectroscopy
X-Ray Analysis
Mass Spectroscopy
Phenolic modification
Salt formation
With metals
With unsaturated cyclic and acyclic hydrocarbons
Example-2
Rosin-isoprene condensate (Example-3)
Rosin-isobutene condensate (Example-4)
Example –5
Rosin-styrene condensalt (Example-6)
Rosin-cyclopentadiene condensate (Example-7)
Rosin-coumarone-indene condensate (Example-8)
Rosin-divynylbenzene condensate (Example-9)
Example-10
Esterification
With Glycerol
With pentaerythritol and other polyhydric alcohols
With monoydric alcohols
Hydrogenolysis
Polyesterification
Copolyesters
Ammonolysis
Preparations
Dehydroabietylamine acetate
Dehydroabietylamine
Typical Uses
Asphalt additives
Chemical Intermediates
Corrosion Inhibitors
Flotation Reagents
Preservatives
Resolving agent
Chemical and physical properties of
Amine D acetate
Stability to heat and storage
Stability to heat and storage
Surface Activity
Chemical Reactivity
Chemical and Physical Properties of
Amine D acetate
Solubility
Note
Stability to Heat and Storage
Stability to Air and Sunlight
Surface Activity
Styrenation
Decarbxylation
Hydroxymethylation and hydroxylation
Methods of preparations
Nitrogenous intermediates
Methyl levopimarate (i)
Methyl neoabietate (ii)
Methyl photolevopimarate (iii)
Reaction of SSI with Methyl levomarate (i)
Reaction of Chlorosulphonyl isocyanate with methyl neoabietate (ii)
Reaction of Chlorosulphonyl isocyanate with methyl photolevopimarate (iii)
Fumaroniprile Adduct of levopimaric acid
Tetracyanoethylene Adduct of levopimaric acid
Acrylonitrile adducts of levopimaric acid
Polyoxyalkylation
Chapter 12
The Polymerizable Half Esters of Rosin
Expermental
Preparation and properties of monomers
Maleic rosin esters with reactive groups
Polymerization & Copolymerization
Aqueous Polymerization
Suspension Polymerization
Secondary reactions and graft copolymers
Reaction Involving Crosslinking
Applications
Coatings
Inks
Textiles
Conclusions
Chapter 13
Photographs of Plant & Machinery with Supplier’s
Contact Details
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