Handbook on Biodegradable Plastics (Eco Friendly Plastics)
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Author: NIIR Board |
Plastic has brought immense benefits to the whole human race. The light weight, cheap chemical resistant and strong material has got almost omnipotent presence. When we talk of its strength we talk of the time till it survives and to everyone’s knowledge plastic does not bio-degrade. Yes, plastic the greatest invention of mankind has the power to even destroy mankind. Plastic that is not biodegradable brings a lot of environmental issues. It deteriorates the ozone layer. For the most part plastic is produced from oil. The world is progressively running out of oil. Research says plastic brings number of harms not only to humans but also the entire cosmos. The plastic which cannot be recycled has to be disposed off in some or the other way. Let’s say if we dispose in water it has the tendency to destroy marine life. So the only way left to reduce the ill effects of plastic is to use eco-friendly or biodegradable plastic.
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that will decay in usual aerobic environments. These include plastics that are made from vegetable oil and other organic matter. The book, Handbook on Bio Degradable Plastics (Eco friendly plastics) is one of its kinds which give the information about biodegradable plastics. The book gives comprehensive information about Standard Methods for Biodegradation of Plastics, Commercialization of Eco-Friendly Plastics, and multipurpose exploitation of municipal solid waste (plastics), management of non recoverable plastic waste, guidelines to be followed in recycling of plastic and several other crucial topics required for the understanding of recycling of plastic. According to a report out of 200 million plastic produced in the world 26 million is produced by the United States and only 6%(approximately) of plastic waste gets recycled posing both a challenge and opportunity. Challenge in the sense that it is causing environmental issue and opportunity for the young entrepreneurs to penetrate in this sector. The book provides important and descriptive information on the whole topic of biodegradable plastic, the benefits and the techniques used.
The book also contains information on topics arising social concern like present technologies for recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (pet) waste, how to minimise the impact of packaging materials on the environment and also provides information on new bio-degradable plastic, as business options for entrepreneurs.
The book at the end contains a list of directory providing information on List of Plant & Machinery, List of Raw Material, Plant/Machinery Suppliers, Overseas Suppliers of Machinery and Raw Material Suppliers.
Biodegradable plastics are plastics that will decay in usual aerobic environments. These include plastics that are made from vegetable oil and other organic matter. The book, Handbook on Bio Degradable Plastics (Eco friendly plastics) is one of its kinds which give the information about biodegradable plastics. The book gives comprehensive information about Standard Methods for Biodegradation of Plastics, Commercialization of Eco-Friendly Plastics, and multipurpose exploitation of municipal solid waste (plastics), management of non recoverable plastic waste, guidelines to be followed in recycling of plastic and several other crucial topics required for the understanding of recycling of plastic. According to a report out of 200 million plastic produced in the world 26 million is produced by the United States and only 6%(approximately) of plastic waste gets recycled posing both a challenge and opportunity. Challenge in the sense that it is causing environmental issue and opportunity for the young entrepreneurs to penetrate in this sector. The book provides important and descriptive information on the whole topic of biodegradable plastic, the benefits and the techniques used.
The book also contains information on topics arising social concern like present technologies for recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (pet) waste, how to minimise the impact of packaging materials on the environment and also provides information on new bio-degradable plastic, as business options for entrepreneurs.
The book at the end contains a list of directory providing information on List of Plant & Machinery, List of Raw Material, Plant/Machinery Suppliers, Overseas Suppliers of Machinery and Raw Material Suppliers.
Contents
1. INTEGRATED PLASTIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT : AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
Introduction
Degradation of Plastics in Environment
Biodegradability Vs Eco-Friendliness
Standard Methods for Biodegradation of
Plastics
2. ECO-FRIENDLY PLASTICS FOR
A NICHE MARKET
Disposal of Plastics Disturbs Eco-System
Biodegradable Polymeric Materials
Agricultural Mulches
Agricultural Planting Containers
Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Commercialization of Eco-Friendly Plastics
Starch
Ampacet
BiofineTM Foils
REXflex Flexible Polyolefin (FPO)
PBHV-Biodegradable Plastics
Prospective Markets for Biodegradable Polymer
Factors Affecting Degradability
Possibility of Recyclable Biodegradable Polymers
Biodegradable Additives
Assessment of Biodegradable Polymers
Test Conditions
Biodegradability of Polyolefins
Mixed Cultures and Microbial Communities
Conclusion
3. MULTI PURPOSE EXPLOITATION OF MUNICIPAL SLID
WASTE (PLASTICS)
Introduction
Some Definitions
Chemical Products
Economic and Social Benefits
Ecological Implications
Fuel cells turn landfill gas into electric power
Conclusion
Activity Plan
Steps to be Taken
Expected Outcome
4. MANAGEMENT OF RECOVERABLE
PLASTIC WASTE
Incineration
Mechanical Recycling
Recent trends in recycling
Feedstock Recovery
Biodegradable plastics
Energy Recovery
5. MANAGEMENT OF NON RECOVERABLE
PLASTIC WASTE
Photodegradable plastic
Landfill and composting
Biodegradable plastics from microbial origin
India Scenario
Conclusions and Future Outlook
6. STANDARDS ON ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
PACKAGING AND ECO MARKING
ECO-Mark Scheme
Criteria for ECO-Mark
Product General Requirements
Product Specific Requirements
Procedure for Grant of Licence
ECO logo
General Requirements
Product Specific Requirements
Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics
International Guideline
7. DREAMS AND MYTHS ABOUT BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
FOR PLASTICS PACKAGING
Origin and Myths of Biodegradable Polymers
Paper
Starch Based films
Suitability of Biodegradable Plastics in Packaging
8. PRESENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECYCLING OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) WASTE
Introduction
Methods for PET Recycling
Mechanical Recycling
Flotation/Hydrocyclone Process
Water Bath/Hydrocyclone Process
Solution/Washing Process
Solvent/Flotation Process
Depolymerisation
New Chemical Recycling Technique for PET
Recycling in India
9. BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC FILM
MADE OUT OF SOYBEANS: A BREAK
THROUGH INPLASTIC INDUSTRY
10. BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC: A NEW
PTIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURS
11. LASTIC WASTE RECYCLING TECHNOLIES
ECO FRIENDLY SOLUTION
Plastic and Environment
Plastic Waste Management Strategies
Incineration
Recycling
Mechanical Recycling
Recycling to Feedstock and Energy
Process Components
Prereatment
Liquefation
Pyrolysis
Co-processing
Hydrocracking
Commercial Technologies
BP Technology
CFFLS Pyrolysis Technology
Bevan Pyrolysis Technology
German Liquefaction Technology
Incineration Technology with Energy Recovery
Indian Scenario
Conclusions and Future Outlook
12. BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS: THE
ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE
13. HOW TO MINIMISE THE IMPACT OFPACKAGING
MATERIALS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Source Reduction
Recycling
Incineration
Landfill
How do we measure up
14. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM STANDARDS ISO 14000
ISO TC 207 and Development of ISO 14000
What is an EMS?
Benefits
Uptake by Business
EMS (ISO 14000) Pilot Programme
15. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONAND REGULATION
Principles
European Economic Area (EEA) Environmenta Regulation
with Reference to SME’s
Trade and the Environment International
Trade Centre (ITC)
Environmental Restrictions on trade
16. DEGRADATION OF PLASTIC
BYFUNGIIN CONTRARY
17. “BIOPOL“ (PHB-CO-PHV) ARE PRODUCED ALREADY COMMERCIALLY.
Biodegradable Polymers for Medicine
18. BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
19. PROCESSING OF SYNTHETIC AND
NATURALLY-OCCURRING POLYMERS
20. INJECTION MOLDING OF PLASTICS
FROM AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS
21. PRODUCTION OF DEGRADABLE PLASTIC
FROM EGG SHELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
22. PHOTO-AND BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC
Technology Description
Innovative Aspects
Application Fields
Status
Intellectual Property Status
Business Potential
23. BIOPOLYMERS
Biodegradable Materials
Water Absorbing Materials Based on Starch
Chitin-Chitosan
Physicochemical and Physical Properties
Biomedical Applications
24. ENVIRONMENTAL PLASTICS
Introduction
Feature
Application
CALFIN C30F & C31F CYPORENE.....
(Introduction, Feature, Application)
CLEAN-PLAS.....
(Introduction, Feature, Application)
25. DEGRADABLE PLASTIC
Biodegradable Polymers
Background of The Invention
Summary of the Invention
Detailed Description
Examples
26. THE PROPOSED PROJECTS FOR INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC ANDTECHNICAL COOPERATION
Project Survey
27. RE-NEW STARCH POLYMERS
28. NEW PLASTIC MADE FROM POTATO
PEELS IS DEGRADABLE, INEXPENSIVE,
AND ENERGY CONSERVING
Food Wastes can be used to Produce 100%
Degradable Plastic
The Future is Promising for Degradable Plastic.
29. PACKAGING REGULATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION INNOVATIONS IN PET
30. PACKAGING WITH PET BOTTLES
PET - a packaging plastics on the up and up
The PET mineral Water Bottle-Still Waiting
in the Wings
Savings not only in Weight but also in Fuel
Recycling Quota up to 100 Per Cent
31. STARCH BASED BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
Raw Materials:
Uses
32. BIOPLASTICS
Introduction
Aiming for Biodegradable and Ecofriendly
Products
The Problem of Plastic
The Solutions for Plastic
Biopol
General Structure of PHA and Some
Representative Members
Properties of PHB
Production of PHA by Genetically Engineered
Plants
Production of PHA in Genetically Engineered
Bacteria
Price Factor
Possible Applications of PHAs
Industrial Production of PHAs and Other
Biodegradable Plastics
Biolac
Conclusion
33. PET PRE-FORM FROM PET RESIN
Introduction
Uses
Properties
Market Survey
Permeation Coefficient
Manufacturing Process of PET Pre-form
PROCESS FLOW SHEET
List of Plant & Machinery
List of Raw Material
Plant/Machinery Suppliers
Overseas Suppliers of Machinery
PET Technology Suppliers
Raw Material Suppliers
Plant Economics
34. PET BOTTLES FROM PRE-FORM PET
Introduction
Injection Molding Machines
Blow Molding
Uses
Properties
Chemical Resistance, Environment Friendly
Manufacturing Process
List of Plant & Machinery
List of Raw Material
Plant/Machinery Suppliers
Overseas Suppliers of Machinery
Raw Material Suppliers
Market Survey
Plant Economics
35. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ORGANISATIONS
MANAGEMENT : AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
Introduction
Degradation of Plastics in Environment
Biodegradability Vs Eco-Friendliness
Standard Methods for Biodegradation of
Plastics
2. ECO-FRIENDLY PLASTICS FOR
A NICHE MARKET
Disposal of Plastics Disturbs Eco-System
Biodegradable Polymeric Materials
Agricultural Mulches
Agricultural Planting Containers
Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Commercialization of Eco-Friendly Plastics
Starch
Ampacet
BiofineTM Foils
REXflex Flexible Polyolefin (FPO)
PBHV-Biodegradable Plastics
Prospective Markets for Biodegradable Polymer
Factors Affecting Degradability
Possibility of Recyclable Biodegradable Polymers
Biodegradable Additives
Assessment of Biodegradable Polymers
Test Conditions
Biodegradability of Polyolefins
Mixed Cultures and Microbial Communities
Conclusion
3. MULTI PURPOSE EXPLOITATION OF MUNICIPAL SLID
WASTE (PLASTICS)
Introduction
Some Definitions
Chemical Products
Economic and Social Benefits
Ecological Implications
Fuel cells turn landfill gas into electric power
Conclusion
Activity Plan
Steps to be Taken
Expected Outcome
4. MANAGEMENT OF RECOVERABLE
PLASTIC WASTE
Incineration
Mechanical Recycling
Recent trends in recycling
Feedstock Recovery
Biodegradable plastics
Energy Recovery
5. MANAGEMENT OF NON RECOVERABLE
PLASTIC WASTE
Photodegradable plastic
Landfill and composting
Biodegradable plastics from microbial origin
India Scenario
Conclusions and Future Outlook
6. STANDARDS ON ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
PACKAGING AND ECO MARKING
ECO-Mark Scheme
Criteria for ECO-Mark
Product General Requirements
Product Specific Requirements
Procedure for Grant of Licence
ECO logo
General Requirements
Product Specific Requirements
Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics
International Guideline
7. DREAMS AND MYTHS ABOUT BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
FOR PLASTICS PACKAGING
Origin and Myths of Biodegradable Polymers
Paper
Starch Based films
Suitability of Biodegradable Plastics in Packaging
8. PRESENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECYCLING OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) WASTE
Introduction
Methods for PET Recycling
Mechanical Recycling
Flotation/Hydrocyclone Process
Water Bath/Hydrocyclone Process
Solution/Washing Process
Solvent/Flotation Process
Depolymerisation
New Chemical Recycling Technique for PET
Recycling in India
9. BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC FILM
MADE OUT OF SOYBEANS: A BREAK
THROUGH INPLASTIC INDUSTRY
10. BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC: A NEW
PTIONS FOR ENTREPRENEURS
11. LASTIC WASTE RECYCLING TECHNOLIES
ECO FRIENDLY SOLUTION
Plastic and Environment
Plastic Waste Management Strategies
Incineration
Recycling
Mechanical Recycling
Recycling to Feedstock and Energy
Process Components
Prereatment
Liquefation
Pyrolysis
Co-processing
Hydrocracking
Commercial Technologies
BP Technology
CFFLS Pyrolysis Technology
Bevan Pyrolysis Technology
German Liquefaction Technology
Incineration Technology with Energy Recovery
Indian Scenario
Conclusions and Future Outlook
12. BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTICS: THE
ECO-FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE
13. HOW TO MINIMISE THE IMPACT OFPACKAGING
MATERIALS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Source Reduction
Recycling
Incineration
Landfill
How do we measure up
14. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM STANDARDS ISO 14000
ISO TC 207 and Development of ISO 14000
What is an EMS?
Benefits
Uptake by Business
EMS (ISO 14000) Pilot Programme
15. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONAND REGULATION
Principles
European Economic Area (EEA) Environmenta Regulation
with Reference to SME’s
Trade and the Environment International
Trade Centre (ITC)
Environmental Restrictions on trade
16. DEGRADATION OF PLASTIC
BYFUNGIIN CONTRARY
17. “BIOPOL“ (PHB-CO-PHV) ARE PRODUCED ALREADY COMMERCIALLY.
Biodegradable Polymers for Medicine
18. BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS
19. PROCESSING OF SYNTHETIC AND
NATURALLY-OCCURRING POLYMERS
20. INJECTION MOLDING OF PLASTICS
FROM AGRICULTURAL MATERIALS
21. PRODUCTION OF DEGRADABLE PLASTIC
FROM EGG SHELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
22. PHOTO-AND BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC
Technology Description
Innovative Aspects
Application Fields
Status
Intellectual Property Status
Business Potential
23. BIOPOLYMERS
Biodegradable Materials
Water Absorbing Materials Based on Starch
Chitin-Chitosan
Physicochemical and Physical Properties
Biomedical Applications
24. ENVIRONMENTAL PLASTICS
Introduction
Feature
Application
CALFIN C30F & C31F CYPORENE.....
(Introduction, Feature, Application)
CLEAN-PLAS.....
(Introduction, Feature, Application)
25. DEGRADABLE PLASTIC
Biodegradable Polymers
Background of The Invention
Summary of the Invention
Detailed Description
Examples
26. THE PROPOSED PROJECTS FOR INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC ANDTECHNICAL COOPERATION
Project Survey
27. RE-NEW STARCH POLYMERS
28. NEW PLASTIC MADE FROM POTATO
PEELS IS DEGRADABLE, INEXPENSIVE,
AND ENERGY CONSERVING
Food Wastes can be used to Produce 100%
Degradable Plastic
The Future is Promising for Degradable Plastic.
29. PACKAGING REGULATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION INNOVATIONS IN PET
30. PACKAGING WITH PET BOTTLES
PET - a packaging plastics on the up and up
The PET mineral Water Bottle-Still Waiting
in the Wings
Savings not only in Weight but also in Fuel
Recycling Quota up to 100 Per Cent
31. STARCH BASED BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
Raw Materials:
Uses
32. BIOPLASTICS
Introduction
Aiming for Biodegradable and Ecofriendly
Products
The Problem of Plastic
The Solutions for Plastic
Biopol
General Structure of PHA and Some
Representative Members
Properties of PHB
Production of PHA by Genetically Engineered
Plants
Production of PHA in Genetically Engineered
Bacteria
Price Factor
Possible Applications of PHAs
Industrial Production of PHAs and Other
Biodegradable Plastics
Biolac
Conclusion
33. PET PRE-FORM FROM PET RESIN
Introduction
Uses
Properties
Market Survey
Permeation Coefficient
Manufacturing Process of PET Pre-form
PROCESS FLOW SHEET
List of Plant & Machinery
List of Raw Material
Plant/Machinery Suppliers
Overseas Suppliers of Machinery
PET Technology Suppliers
Raw Material Suppliers
Plant Economics
34. PET BOTTLES FROM PRE-FORM PET
Introduction
Injection Molding Machines
Blow Molding
Uses
Properties
Chemical Resistance, Environment Friendly
Manufacturing Process
List of Plant & Machinery
List of Raw Material
Plant/Machinery Suppliers
Overseas Suppliers of Machinery
Raw Material Suppliers
Market Survey
Plant Economics
35. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ORGANISATIONS
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