Soaps, Detergents and Disinfectants Technology Handbook
Soaps, Detergents and Disinfectants Technology Handbook (3rd Revised Edition)
(Washing Soap, Laundry Soap, Handmade Soap, Detergent Soap, Liquid Soap , Hand Wash, Liquid Detergent, Detergent Powder , Bar, Phenyl, Floor Cleaner, Toilet Cleaner, Mosquito Coils, Naphthalene Balls, Air Freshener, Hand Sanitizer and Aerosols Insecticide)
Soaps are cleaning agents that are usually made by reacting alkali (e.g., sodium hydroxide) with naturally occurring fat or fatty acids. A soap is a salt of a compound known as a fatty acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogen’s) with a carboxylic acid group on one end which is ionic bonded to a medallion, usually a sodium or potassium. The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and is soluble in nonpolar substances (such as fats and oils), and the ionic end (the salt of a carboxylic acid) is soluble in water. Soap is made by combining tallow (or other hard animal fat) or vegetable or fish oil with an alkaline solution. The two most important alkalis in use are caustic soda and caustic potash.
Related Projects: – Soap, Detergents, Surfactants, Cleaners, Cleaning Powder, Laundry Care, fabric care and wash
Soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a carboxylic acid having a long aliphatic chain attached to it. They are surfactants (compounds that reduce the surface tension between a liquid and another substance) and therefore help in the emulsification of oils in water. Soaps are generally prepared via the saponification of fats and oils. The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is hydrophilic whereas the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic.
A detergent is an effective cleaning product because it contains one or more surfactants. Because of their chemical makeup, the surfactants used in detergents can be engineered to perform well under a variety of conditions. Such surfactants are less sensitive than soap to the hardness minerals in water and most will not form a film. Soaps and Detergents are chemical compound or mixture of compounds used as a cleansing agent. Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of many combinations of fatty acids having cleansing action in water whereas Detergent surfactants are much better solutions for the cleaning purpose as the hardness of water does not affect them.
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Types of Soaps
Toilet Soaps: Toilet soaps use a higher quality of oils and fatty acids to give them better quality. Sometimes perfumes and colours are added for cosmetic purposes.
Medicated Soaps: In these types of soaps we add antiseptics to the soap as an ingredient. The antiseptic is to help kill germs from the surface along with the dirt and dust.
Floating Soaps; as the name suggests, these soaps float in the water instead of sinking like normal soaps. This is done by whipping air into the soap in the soap mixture before they set in their moulds.
Shaving Soaps: These soaps must not dry to fast. So glycerol is added to it to keep it from drying. Also, we add a substance known as rosin to help the soap lather.
Soap Chips: These are leftover pieces of soap that are left over in soap production. They can also be made by the scrapping of small pieces of soap from a thin sheet of soap.
Market Research: – Market Research Report
Types of Detergents
Anionic Detergents
These are anion active synthetic detergents. There are sulphate salts of long chains of hydrocarbons. The anion active part is the cleansing agent. One common example is sodium alkyl sulphate. The preparation involves treating a long chain alcohol with a concentrated sulphuric acid. Then it is neutralized by Sodium hydroxide.
Anion detergents are the most common type of detergents. They are used in household work mostly, like washing clothes, mopping floors etc. We even use anionic detergents in toothpaste.
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Cationic Detergents
Cationic detergents are ammonia salts, usually of chlorides or acetates. They have a long chained molecular structure of hydrocarbons. And the active part of the molecule is a positive ion. I.e. action. This explains the name caption detergents. A popular example is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.
Cationic detergents also have bactericidal properties. One common use for them is in hair conditioners. Cationic detergents tend to be expensive and so they do not have many industrial uses.
Non-ionic Detergents
As the name suggests they do not have any ions in their molecules, so they are uncharged. To produce nonionic detergents we react polyethene glycol with stearic acid. There are two main types of nonionic detergent polyoxyethylene and glycosidic.
Manufacturing Process
Soap
Saponification processes are chemical soap manufacturing processes that produce soap from fatty acid derivatives. Saponification process for soap manufacturing involves hydrolysis of esters under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid (carboxylates). Saponifiable substances are the soaps and detergent ingredients that can be converted into soap.
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In Saponification soap manufacturing processes, vegetable oils and animal fats are used for making soaps. Trimesters or Triglycerides are the greasy materials derived from these diverse fatty acids. Soap manufacturing is done in a one-step or a two-step process. In the one-step soap manufacturing process, the triglyceride is treated with a strong base, for example, lye, that accelerates cleavage of the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol. This one step soap manufacturing process is the key industrial method for producing glycerol.
Sometimes soaps may be precipitated by salting it out with saturated sodium chloride. For soap manufacturing, triglycerides are highly purified but saponification process includes other base hydrolysis of unpurified triglycerides. For example the conversion of the fat of a corpse into adipocerous, sometimes known as “grave wax.” This soap manufacturing process is more common where the amount of fatty tissue is high, the agents of decomposition are absent or are negligibly present, and the burial ground is particularly alkaline.
Detergents Manufacturing Process
Detergents are manufactured using a synthetic surfactant in place of the metal fatty acid salts that are used in soaps. Made in powder detergents, these detergents are sold as laundry powders, hard surface cleansers, dishwashing detergents, fabric conditioners etc. Most of the powder detergents have soap in their mixture of ingredients, however it generally functions more as a foam depressant than as a surfactant.
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Chemical Processes
Powder detergents are manufactured using various processes, such as spray drying, agglomeration, dry mixing or a combination of these. A brief description of these different processes is given below –
Spray Drying Process
The different stages / operations performed in a spray drying process, are –
Dry and liquid ingredients are first combined into a slurry, or thick suspension, in a tank known as cruncher.
The slurry is heated and then pumped to the top of a tower where it is sprayed through nozzles (under high pressure) to create small forming hollow granules as they dry. Droplets. The droplets fall through a current of hot air, thereby
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Collected from the bottom of the spray tower, the dried granules are screened to obtain a relatively standard size. After the granules have been cooled, heat sensitive ingredients, which are not compatible with the spray drying temperatures (like bleach, enzymes and fragrance) are added.
Traditional spray drying process produces relatively low-density detergent powders. Advancements in technology have enabled the soap and detergent manufacturers to reduce the air inside the granules during spray drying to obtain higher densities. The high-density detergent powders can be packed in much smaller packages than those needed previously.
Agglomeration
Agglomeration is detergent powder manufacturing chemical technique that results in high-density powders. The process involves blending of dry raw materials with liquid ingredients. The technique involves machines, such as a liquid binder, rolling or shear mixing that causes the ingredients to collide and adhere to each other, producing larger particles.
Dry Mixing
Dry mixing is a detergent powder manufacturing technique, which is used to blend dry raw materials. The technique may also involve the addition of small quantities of a liquid.
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Application
Laundry Cleaning Products:-
Detergent Powder
Detergent Cake
Fabric Softener
Laundry Liquid
Stain and Odor Eliminator
Household Cleaning Products
Floor Cleaners
Glass Cleaners
Toilet Bowl Cleaners
Wood Cleaners
Dishwashing Products
Dishwasher Liquid
Dishwasher Powder
Dishwasher Gel
Dishwasher Tablets
Fuel Additives
Biological Reagent
Other Applications
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Soap and Detergent Market
The rising disposable income and rapid urbanization in developing countries are expected to increase the demand for soaps and detergents. The manufacturers are continuously focusing on innovative product development to cater the unmet needs of their customers. For instance, anti-allergy soaps and natural ingredients containing detergents are heavily adopted by consumers with delicate skin. The market is witnessing globalization in the sector, as more and more global vendors are branching out in the market to increase their market share. With rising globalization, vendors of the market are facing new challenges to sustain their growth and compliant as per the laws and regulations directed by various government agencies. The potential opportunities in the developing economies are expected to provide ample of demand for the product over the forecast period
The detergents market is expected to grow during the forecast period owing to the increasing demand for laundry cleaning products segment. Liquid laundry detergent is primarily used in cleaning laundry and has two main end-user segments, such as residential and commercial. The commercial applications are in textile industry, hospitality industry, laundry services, and other industries, whereas residential applications include its use in household cleaning. The demand for liquid laundry detergent is growing, owing to the comfort and ease of application and lesser wastage, compared to detergent powders.
Soap is defined as a chemical compound or mixture of compounds used mainly as a cleaning agent. Soaps are prepared when animal fats or vegetable oils are treated with an alkaline solution. The fats and oils used in soap-making are derived from animal or plant sources. Every fat or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. Similarly, detergent is also a cleaning agent, prepared from synthetic or man-made materials. Both soap and detergent are used for cleaning purposes but in some scenarios detergent can perform better cleaning jobs than soap. Detergents are frequently used in products for personal hygiene, dish washing, and laundry. They are also used as ingredients in antiseptic agents, dry-cleaning solutions, lubricating oils, and gasoline.
Detergents are the potassium or sodium salts of a long alkyl chain ending with a sulfonate group. They are soluble in hard water. This solubility is attributed to the fact that the sulfonate group does not attach itself to the ions present in hard water. Commonly, anionic detergents such as alkyl benzene sulfonate are used for domestic purposes.
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Disinfectants are chemical agents applied to non-living objects in order to destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, mold or mildews living on the objects. Disinfectants are chemical substances used to destroy viruses and microbes (germs), such as bacteria and fungi, as opposed to an antiseptic which can prevent the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms, but does not destroy them. The ideal disinfectant would offer complete sterilization, without harming other forms of life, be inexpensive, and non-corrosive.
The global soap and detergent market is expected to reach USD 207.56 billion by 2025. The industrial soaps & detergents are extensively used by the commercial laundries, hotels, restaurants, and healthcare providers. Increasing demand from healthcare and food industries will continue to drive the market. Aerosol and liquid products are the common disinfectants used in hospitals, although growing number of healthcare facilities are implementing ultraviolet disinfection systems as further measure. Increasing demand for disinfectants from water treatment and healthcare industries is fuelling growth of the global disinfectants market.
Books:- BOOKS & DATABASES
The major contents of the book are Liquid Soaps and Hand Wash, Liquid Soap and Detergents, Washing Soap: Laundry Soap Formulation, Antiseptic and Germicidal Liquid Soap, Manufacturing Process And Formulations Of Various Soaps, Handmade Soap, Detergent Soap, Liquid Detergent, Detergent Powder, Application and Formulae Of Detergents, Detergent Bar, Detergents Of Various Types, Formulating Liquid Detergents, Phenyl, Floor Cleaner, Toilet Cleaner, Mosquito Coils, Naphthalene Balls, Air Freshener (Odonil Type), Liquid Hand Wash and Soaps, Hand Sanitizer, Aerosols–Water and Oil Based Insecticide (Flies, Mosquitoes Insect and Cockroach Killer Spray), Ecomark Criteria for Soaps & Detergents, Plant Layout, Process Flow Chart and Diagram, Raw Material Suppliers List and Photographs of Machinery with Supplier’s Contact Details.
This book will be a mile stone for its readers who are new to this sector, will also find useful for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area.