The book covers manufacturing processes , formulae, market survey, project profiles of different chemicals with details of Plant , machinery and raw materials and their sources.
LACTIC
ACID
INTRODUCTION
Lactic acid (2-hydroxy propanoic acid, L-hydroxy propionic
acid) is a fermentation product of molasses glucose. It occurs widely in nature.
It is the principal acid constituents of sour milk and a normal constituent of
blood and muscle tissue of animals.
Lactic acid is very important industrial chemical and is
consumed, by many industries like food, beverages, plastics, textile leather
industry etc.
Lactic acid has a pleasant sour taste but no odour. It is
completely miscible with water, alcohol, and other although it is insoluble in
chloroform; then it does not crystallize from solution, as do other acids. Also,
its melting point means that it is a liquid at most encountered temperature. It
is a weak acid with good solvent properties, and it polymerizes readily for the
production of polymers. In addition many of its salts are quite soluble in
water. These various properties have allowed lactic acid to find wide commercial
usage.
USES AND APPLICATIONS
Lactic acid is one of the principal aciculants in feed and
beverage products. It serves as food preservative in food stuffs.
Crude grades are used for deliming of hides, in the tanning of
leather industry, and also in the fabric treatment in the textile and laundry
industries.
Lactic acid is used as Calcium lactate in pharmaceuticals for
calcium. Calcium lactate is also used in making powders, as an animal and
poultry feed supplement and in calcium therapy.
The other uses of lactic acid are,
1.
As dispersing agent in glucose and petroleum product in emulsified form.
2.
Acid dyeing in wool.
3.
As polymeric polyacetic acid in production of resin.
4.
In various derivatives, which are used in plastics.
5.
Lactic acid esters with an adipic acid are used as plastisizer.
6.
Technical grade of lactic acid is used as a chemical intermediate and in
the manufacture of cellophane etc.
MARKET SURVEY
In the early seventies most of the lactic acid requirement of
our country were met by import from Czechoslovakia, France, Japan, Netherland
and Poland, UK Belgium and Bulgaria.
Even at present our country does not have adequate production
capacity of lactic acid to meet the internal demand of its consumer industries
and the requirement is met by imports.
The demand for lactic acid is expected to increase
simultaneously with the growth of textile and leather industry on our country.
There is a bright future scope for lactic acid and
new entrepreneur can enter this industry because of having good demand supply
gap.
ETHYL ALCOHOL
FROM MOLASSES
INTRODUCTION
For a developing country like India, where the basic organic
chemical industry has to take a start from the available sources. Ethyl alcohol
has been found to be a suitable raw material for a variety of products. So it
was in the fitness of things that India started some of the major thermoplastics
and chemical intermediates from alcohol. With the advances in petrochemicals
field, the position has charged but still there are some areas where alcohol as
raw material would advantageous for the following reasons: -
1.
It can be transported to different locations where the market for the end
product is available.
2.
The capital investment for many of the product is comparatively small and is
within the small and medium scale industries.
3.
There are some products where the incidence cost alcohol, as a raw material is
rather insignificant compared to others.
4.
With the switching over the production of some of the major products like
polyethylene, PVC, polystyrene etc. from alcohol naphtha, the availability of
alcohol has been eased and it would be worth while to think of these items which
would be manufactured with advantage from this raw material.
USES AND APPLICATIONS
Besides its major use in alcoholic beverages, it is used for
the extraction of several drugs, and for the manufacture of tinctures and other
medicinal preparations. It is also employed for the extraction of essential
oils, and for the preparation of perfumes, essences and flavours. Alcohol
dissolves shellac, resin and cellulose esters, and is widely employed as a
solvent in the preparation of lacquers, varnishes and enamels. It is used as a
process material in the preparation of numerous organic compounds, including
synthetic drugs and dyestuffs especially for crystallization and purification.
Alcohol is used directly in the manufacture of several
compounds such as ethyl acetate and other esters, acetic acid, acetone, chloral,
chloroform and ideogram. It is used in the manufacture of TNT and transparent
soaps also. Some of its recently discovered uses include its application in
motor fuels and in the production of butadiene. The minor uses of alcohol are in
the preparation of certain adhesives, antifreeze mixtures brake fluids, cutting
coils air from solutions drop thinners alcohol is used a preservative for
anatomical specimens and as dehydrating agent in microscopic techniques.
PROPERTIES
Pure
ethyl alcohol, also known as absolute alcohol is a colourless mobile inflammable
liquid with spirituous odour and sharp test.
|
Specific
Gravity at 15.6o
|
0.7935
& 0.7851 at25o/40 wt. per
gallon6.60 lb at 20 oC.
|
|
Boiling
Point
|
78.4oC.
|
|
Freezing
point
|
-
114.4oC
|
|
Flash
point
|
18.3o
(659F)
|
It is hygroscopic and is miscible with not organic liquids and
is an excellent solvent. It burns with a pale blue flame. Its vapour forms
explosive mixture with air.
MARKET POSITION
India has emerged as the world’s largest producers of sugar.
Sugar industry and alcohol industry in India and elsewhere in the world are
closely related to each other. Alcohol is used as the basic feed - stock in the
production of numerous organic chemicals. In the wake of the developments that
have taken place in the field of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides,
synthetic rubber and plastics ethyl alcohol has come to be accepted as one of
the most important basic chemicals. The frequent price rises and shortages of
petro feed stocks has brought in its wake a rethinking on the relative
appropriateness of alcohol and petro - sourced materials in the manufacture of
chemicals, pesticides and other items.
In the earlier years, alcohol was mainly used for admixture
with petrol and for potable purpose. Shortage of petrol during the war years
gave fillip to the alcohol industry. Units for the manufacture of alcohol based
products such as polyethylene butadiene and PVC were established. Alcohol
production was initially taken up with a view to utilized by - product molasses
available from the sugar units.
More than 55 per cent of the total distillation capacity in
the county is located in the two states of Mahrashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Thee
two states are the major sugar producing states in India. As much as 60 per cent
of the total sugar output is due to Mahrashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
POTASSIUM
PERSULPHATE
INTRODUCTION
Potassium persulphate also known as peroxydisulphate or
dipotassium peroxydisulphate (K2S2O8) is the part of potassium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid and
is a strong oxidizing agent.
The peroxidisulphate of ammonium, sodium and potassium are
white, crystalline substance that is very stable when dry. The ammonium and
sodium salts decompose on heating above 160oc and 180oc,
respectively, or in the presence of moisture with liberation of oxygen and
ozone. Ammonium peroxydisulphate is less stable than the sodium and potassium
salts. It decomposes by autoxidation Mixtures with combustible materials are
easily ignited and burn vigorously even in the absence of oxygen.
Aqueous solution of commercial peroxydisulphates is acidic (25
wt % (NH4)2S2O8, ph 2.30; 25 WT % Na2S2O3.
ph4.35). Solubility’s at 20oc in 100cm3
are ammonium peroxydisulphate 55.6 gm and potassium
peroxydisulphate 5gm.
Potassium persulphate is extensively used in large quantities
as an initiator of emulsion Polymerization. Its field of applicability is
extensively wide; its uses include general bleaching oxidizing agent;
photography etc.
As these end user industries are expanding fast. The product
potassium persulphate has a very good market potential.
Uses And Applications
Potassium persulphate (Dipotassium Peroxidisulphate) is used
in large quantities as an initiator of emulsion polymerization (Polymerization
Promotor).
It is also used in hair bleaching, as a laboratory reagent,
other uses include general bleaching, oxidizing agent, reducing agent in
photography, antiseptic, soap manufacture, analytical reagent, pharmaceutical
modification of starch, flour-maturing agent designing of textiles and other
purposes
B I S Specification
The following specification is available an potassium per
sulfate 5: 12865 - 1989 potassium per sulfate (Photographic grade)
MARKET POTENTIAL
In view of the manifold applications of potassium persulphate
in diverse industries viz. as polymerization promoter, oxidizing agent,
photography, designing of textiles and many others. The product is gaining
immense popularity and capturing the market by out and bounds.
There
is a great demand of the product and the eventual demand supply gap is also very
great. Therefore, to fill this gap and to cater to the growing demand, it is
very imperative that more units should be set up.
COBALT
OCTOATE
INTRODUCTION
Cobalt
actuate is a very important compound having chemical formula as such.
CH3-CH3
(CH3 - CH2
- CH2 - CH2
- CH - COOH)2
CO
The L.U.P.A.E. (International Union of Pure & Applied
Epemistry) of the cobalt octoate is as under.
Cobalt
- 2 - Ethyl - Hexanoate.
Cobalt
octoate is being used widely for following purposes: -
1.
As driers in the paints industries.
2.
As a whiteners.
3.Useful
as siccatives in lacquers & paints or for warrananting adhesion between
rubber & metal supports.
USES & APPLICATIONS
Manufacture of metal carboxylats from waste obtained in
oxidation of eyelohexane to eyelohexanone and eyelohexanal.
Solidification of water-soluble solid materials to a
non-leaching solid.
Recording materials based a colourless dyes precursor and
developer and containing metal carboxylats for improved light stability.
B.I.S.
SPECIFICATION
7505
: (1985) Cobalt Powder for hard metals (First Revision) (Reaffirmed 1987)
7225
: 985 Dental Cobalt Chromium casting alloy (First revision)
MARKET SURVEY
Cobalt octoate may be used widely for soaps, which
have a wide market in India, as they come under the essential goods category,
spread of education and carbonization and rising levels of incomes have provided
necessary incentives for the soaps, industries. The progress of the industry is
spectacular particularly after the lifting of the price control though the
industry is not free from troubles; it has experienced, in recent years, an
annual growth rate of 15 per cent.
PHTHALIC
ANHYDRIDE
INTRODUCTION
Phthalic anhydride forms long needles, m.p. 128oC,
b.p. 285oC. It is used extensively for the manufacture of anthraquinone,
anthranilic acid, indigo, butyl phthalate (nitrocellulose plasticiser) etc. with
phosphorous penta chloride it yields phthaloyl chloride, which exhibits
ring-chain isomerism by reacting chemically in both structures I and II. For
instance phthalolyl chloride with benzene and Aluminium chloride forms both
anthraquinone and diphenyl phthalide (Phthalophenone) (v), with hydrazine it
reacts in form II to give a cyclic hydrazole, where-as with zinc dust and acetic
acid it reacts inform II to yield phthalide (IV), a carbo-cyclic lactone. Final
proof of the existence of the two tautomeric forms is afforded by their
isolation. The symmetrical form (I) is prepared by the action of Phosphorus pent
chloride on phthalic anhydride and on treatment with aluminium chloride is
transformed into the unsymmetrical form (II). This type of ring-chain isomerism
is observed in the diacid halids of those dicarboxylic acids whose carboxylic
groups are in close proximity.
USES AND APPLICATIONS
Phthalic anhydride is extensively used for the manufacture of
plastics. The other uses of phthalic anhydride are: -
1. In manufacture of
dyes.
2.In the manufacture
of plasticizers such as Di-octyl phthalate, Di-butyl phthalate etc.
3. In the manufacture of alkyld
resins.
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
IS: 7420 - 1990:
Code of safety for phthalic anhydride.
IS: 5158 - 1987:
Phthalic Anhydride, technical (Second Revision) (Amendment 1).The above B.I.S.
is available at:
B.I.S.
Manak Bhawan
9, Bahadur Shah
Zafar Marg,
New Delhi - 110 002.
MARKET SURVEY
Phthalic anhydride is a very versatile chemical used in the
manufacture of a wide number of industrially important chemicals. It is the
starting material for the manufacture of all derivatives of phthalic acid,
various plasticizers, dyes and alkyd resins. It is commercially prepared by the
oxidation of naphthalene or O-xylene.
It
is anticipated that the demand for polyvinyl chloride and alkyd resin would
continue to grow at an even faster rate if raw materials required for their
production and plant capacity are available to keep up the demand. Consequently
the demand for phthalic anhydride will keep on increasing along with its
production and the industry will have bright future prospects.
DI-CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
FROM ROCK PHOSPHATE (HAIFA PROCESS)
INTRODUCTION
Rock phosphate is the source from which dicalcium phosphate
can be manufactured. It finds applicability as a fertilizer. The phosphors pent
oxide content ranges around 41-42% in the dehydrate form. The trademark for a
dentifrice grade dicalcium phosphate dehydrate is captioned as “Dicalcium
phosphate victorâ€. It is CaHPO4. 2H2O plus additive. FCC grade, which is used as polishing agent
in dentifrices.
In
the shallow, medium and deep-black soils having the carbonate content from 3 to
6 %, the available phosphorous was highest at 60 days when super phosphate was
applied, whereas in the alluvial soil containing 1% carbonate, the highest
available phosphorous was observed at 60 days when the fertilizer applied was
dicalcium phosphate.
Dicalcium
phosphate proved as effective as super phosphate on alluvial, coastal alluvial,
red and laterite soils, but was inferior on medium-black and deltaic saline
soils.
Non-granulated
dicalcium phosphate appears to be an acceptable phosphate source for rice on
soil other than medium black and deltaic saline. For up land cereals the limited
available data indicate that some water-soluble phosphate is necessary along
with dicalcium phosphate. For grain legumes, however, diacalcium phosphate does
not seem to be a good source on alluvial, medium-black and mixed red and black
soils. It may be mentioned that super phosphate supplied more calcium and
additionally sulphur, which could be critical for grain legumes in some soils.
The basic raw material for this product being rock phosphate.
PROPERTIES
In its physical form, it is white in appearance. Which is
crystalline in structure as powder form. It is odourless and tasteless. It is
soluble in dil HNO3, CH3COOH (acetic acid). It is sparingly soluble in water. It is in
soluble in alcohol. Sp. Gr. of dicalcium phosphate = 2.306.
When dicalcium phosphate is heated to a tempt. of 109oC,
it loses its water of crystallization.
It is non-inflammable and non-toxic.
Various
Grades of Dicalcium Phosphate
The following grades of dicalcium are available.
1.
USP,
2.
FCC,
3.
Dentifrice grade,
4.
Feed Grade,
5.
18.5 or 21% phosphorus.
USES & APPLICATIONS
Dicalcium Phosphate as feed or food supplement mineral-feed
supplements for domestic animals and fowl usually contain a pure form of
pulverized limestone. Infect, some state laws require the supplement to be at
least 35% available calcium. Other sources of calcium are bone meal &
dicalcium phosphate.
It is also used in yeast food.
Other
uses include: -
-
Animal Supplement
-
Medicine
-
Glass
-
Fertilizer
-
Stabilizer for plastic
-
As dough conditioner.
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
IS:
- 1023 - 1956 Dicalcium phosphate
IS:
- 5470 - 1969 Dicalcium phosphate as animal feed.
IS:
- 1767 - 1969 Dicalcium phosphate as dentifrice.
The above specification can be obtained from,
Bureau of Indian standard,
Manak Bhawan,
9, B.S. Zafer Marg,
New Delhi - 110001.
MARKET POTENTIAL
In modern era, due to the versatile field of application of di-calcium
phosphate, viz. animal supplement, food supplements dentifrice, medicine,
fertilizer, as dough conditioner, baking acid, stabilizer for plastic etc, the
product is gaining immense popularity. However, a lion’s share of the
production of dicalcium phosphate is consumed (85%) as animal feed and among the
rest, for deptrifice and other applications.
India is predominantly an agricultural country where a cattle
forming plays a major role, converting agricultural waste into milk, meat and
manure as a source of energy etc. So, obviously the consumption of di-calcium
phosphate owes itself quite extensively. This fact envisages a colossal demand
of the product.
As for the animal husbandry concept of our country is concerned, it owns
around eighteen percent of the total cattle population of the world and produces
about 5% of the total world’s milk production. It has also been visualized
that with new innovations in the agricultural development, there has been a
decline in the use of cattle as draft power. As for meat of cow or buffalo is
concerned, this has less significance for many vegetarian Indians.
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